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Epilepsy and Seizures: Overview01:24

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Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disease marked by recurrent, unpredictable seizures. These seizures are caused by abnormal electrical discharges in the brain, leading to behavior, sensation, or consciousness alterations. They can also cause transient impairment of awareness, interfering with daily activities.
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Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), or shock therapy, remains a critical biomedical intervention for severe, treatment-resistant depression. While its origins can be traced back to Hippocrates' observations that malaria-induced convulsions alleviated mental illness, modern ECT has evolved significantly from its earlier, more primitive applications. First introduced in 1938 by Ugo Cerletti and his colleagues, ECT involves inducing controlled seizures using electrical currents. In its early...
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Antiepileptic Drugs: Potassium Channel Activators01:20

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Ezocgabine or retigabine, an antiepileptic drug of remarkable efficacy, has revolutionized the management of seizures. It is a potassium channel activator, explicitly targeting the family of Q subtype potassium channels. It enhances the transmembrane potassium currents, regulating neuronal excitability. This action stabilizes the resting membrane potential, a pivotal factor in mitigating the hyperexcitability that characterizes epilepsy.
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Calcium channel blockers, a class of antiepileptic drugs, regulate the flow of calcium ions within neurons.
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Glutamate is a fundamental neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, playing a vital role in neuronal communication and various cognitive processes. Glutamate stands as the principal excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain. Its presence is crucial for the communication between neurons, underpinning essential processes such as synaptic transmission, neuronal excitability, and plasticity. These functions are vital for higher-order cognitive processes, including learning and memory. The...
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Caring for transgender patients with epilepsy.

Emily L Johnson1, Peter W Kaplan1

  • 1Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A.

Epilepsia
|August 4, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Transgender individuals with epilepsy face unique medical and social challenges. Gender-affirming treatments can interact with antiepileptic drugs (AEDs), requiring careful management for safe and effective care.

Keywords:
Antiepileptic drugsFemale-to-maleGender identityMale-to-femaleSeizures

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Endocrinology
  • Social Sciences

Background:

  • An estimated 25 million transgender individuals over 15 years old globally, representing 0.3-0.9% of the population.
  • Epilepsy affects a significant portion of the transgender population, presenting complex health considerations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify and describe critical medical and social challenges for transgender individuals with epilepsy.
  • To explore the bidirectional interactions between gender-affirming treatments and antiepileptic drugs (AEDs).

Main Methods:

  • Literature searches were conducted using terms such as 'transgender AND epilepsy' and 'gender dysphoria AND neurology'.
  • Searches included common feminizing and masculinizing treatment regimens and their interactions with AEDs and seizures.

Main Results:

  • Significant bidirectional interactions exist between AEDs and common gender-affirming hormone therapies.
  • The full scope and specific challenges of the transgender population with epilepsy require further elucidation.

Conclusions:

  • Transgender patients with epilepsy encounter substantial medical and social obstacles.
  • Effective management necessitates a thorough understanding of drug interactions between gender-affirming treatments and AEDs to ensure optimal patient outcomes.