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Synergism is a useful mechanism where combining two or more drugs is more effective than each constituent used alone. Such combinations are also called supra-additive interactions. The drugs collectively enhance the final therapeutic effect by acting on different targets. Another advantage is that the low dose of each constituent drug is sufficient to achieve the desired effect. This helps reduce the duration of therapy and lower the adverse effects of these drugs.
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Drug–drug interactions can precipitate toxicity through multiple mechanisms. Absorption interactions alter how drugs enter the body, exemplified when ranitidine increases the absorption of basic drugs, while cholestyramine decreases the levels of propranolol. Protein binding interactions occur when drugs share the same binding sites on plasma proteins. Drugs like aspirin and warfarin, when bound in excess, can lead to increased free drug concentrations, enhancing the potential for...
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Crohn's disease is an inflammatory bowel disorder marked by chronic inflammation of the GI tract. Various treatment strategies for Crohn's disease are employed, such as immunomodulatory agents, glucocorticoids, and biologics or anti-TNF therapy. Azathioprine (Imuran), a commonly used immunomodulatory drug for Crohn's disease, is converted in the body to mercaptopurine, which inhibits purine biosynthesis and cell proliferation. Both are utilized in severe cases of Inflammatory Bowel...
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Drug interactions occur when the pharmacological effect of one drug is altered by another substance, either enhancing or diminishing its activity. The drug whose activity is altered is known as the object drug, and the substance causing the alteration is called the agent drug or the precipitant. The net effects of these interactions are mostly undesirable, leading to decreased effectiveness or increased adverse effects. In rare cases, interactions can be beneficial, such as the enhanced...
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The concept of therapeutic equivalence (TE) in drugs with multiple indications is complex. A generic drug may be therapeutically equivalent to a brand-name product for one specific indication, but this doesn't necessarily mean it's equivalent for all other indications. Evidence of TE in one patient group and bioequivalence shown in healthy volunteers can support—but not confirm—TE for other indications. However, definitive proof requires individual clinical studies for each...
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Author Spotlight: Exploring Photodynamic Therapy with Curcumin in a Murine Model for Oral Candidiasis
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Multifunctional Curcumin Mediate Multitherapeutic Effects.

Adeeb Shehzad1, Munibah Qureshi1, Muhammad Nabeel Anwar1

  • 1Dept. of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering (SMME), Natl. Univ. of Sciences and Technology, (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan.

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Curcumin, derived from turmeric, shows promise in treating inflammatory diseases and cancer by targeting multiple molecular pathways. However, poor absorption limits its clinical effectiveness, necessitating further research for enhanced bioavailability.

Keywords:
cancerclinical trialscomplicationscurcumininflammation

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Area of Science:

  • Pharmacology
  • Natural Products Chemistry
  • Oncology

Background:

  • Inflammation is a key factor in numerous chronic diseases, including arthritis, diabetes, cardiovascular conditions, and cancer.
  • Plant-derived compounds have a long history of use in treating inflammatory disorders and supporting physiological functions.
  • Curcumin, a compound from turmeric, is recognized for its anti-inflammatory and potential anti-cancer properties.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the pharmacological and clinical potential of curcumin in treating inflammatory diseases and cancer.
  • To highlight the molecular mechanisms underlying curcumin's therapeutic effects.
  • To address the limitations of curcumin's bioavailability and its impact on clinical translation.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of preclinical and clinical studies on curcumin.
  • Analysis of curcumin's molecular targets and signaling pathways.
  • Evaluation of curcumin's safety and tolerability data.

Main Results:

  • Curcumin modulates multiple molecular targets, inhibiting inflammation, cell proliferation, invasion, and angiogenesis.
  • It downregulates inflammatory mediators and induces apoptosis via caspase activation.
  • Clinical trials suggest curcumin's potential for inflammatory disorders, but efficacy is limited by poor absorption and bioavailability.

Conclusions:

  • Curcumin exhibits significant therapeutic potential for inflammatory diseases and cancer due to its multifaceted mechanisms of action.
  • Despite its safety and tolerability, poor bioavailability remains a major challenge for clinical application.
  • Further research into enhancing curcumin's absorption and bioavailability is crucial for its successful translation into clinical practice.