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Efflorescence in masonry walls appears as a fluffy crystalline powder, often white, resulting from water-soluble salts within the masonry or mortar. When water penetrates the masonry, it dissolves these salts and brings them to the surface, where they are deposited upon evaporation of water.
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Showering in Flint, MI: Is there a DBP problem?

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Science
  • Public Health
  • Analytical Chemistry

Background:

  • Flint, MI experienced significant lead contamination due to a water source switch without corrosion control.
  • Residents reported skin rashes, prompting investigation into tap water contaminants.
  • Previous lead levels exceeded EPA Action Levels, necessitating further water quality analysis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate disinfection by-products (DBPs) and other contaminants in Flint's hot tap water used for showering.
  • To identify potential sources of skin rashes reported by Flint residents.
  • To compare Flint's water quality with other cities, including Detroit.

Main Methods:

  • Quantitative analysis of 61 regulated and unregulated DBPs in hot and cold tap water.
  • Analysis of 50 volatile organic compounds and broadscreen analysis for unknown contaminants.
  • Sampling of chlorinated hot and cold water from three additional cities for comparison.

Main Results:

  • Hot water samples showed generally higher levels of DBPs than cold water samples.
  • Trihalomethanes remained within regulatory limits in all samples.
  • Flint's hot shower water quality was comparable to other sampled cities, with no unusually high organic contaminants.

Conclusions:

  • Elevated DBPs in hot water were observed but did not exceed regulatory limits.
  • The study did not find evidence linking DBPs or other tested organic chemicals to the reported skin rashes in Flint.
  • Inorganic chemicals or microbial contaminants may be responsible for the observed skin rashes.