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Bacteriophages, or phages, are viruses that specifically infect bacteria, utilizing their genetic material to hijack host cellular machinery for replication. DNA bacteriophages employ single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) or double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) genomes. These phages exhibit diverse replication strategies and host interactions, influencing their ecological roles and applications in biotechnology and medicine.ssDNA BacteriophagesssDNA phages, with their small genomes, utilize unique strategies to...
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In contrast to the lytic cycle, phages infecting bacteria via the lysogenic cycle do not immediately kill their host cell. Instead, they combine their genome with the host genome, allowing the bacteria to replicate the phage DNA along with the bacterial genome. The incorporated copy of the phage genome is called the prophage. Some prophages can re-activate and enter the lytic cycle. This often occurs in response to a perturbation, such as DNA damage, but can also transpire in the absence of...
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Bacteriophages, or phages, are viruses that specifically infect bacteria. Among them, T-even bacteriophages, such as T4, exhibit a well-characterized lytic replication cycle in Escherichia coli (E. coli). This process ensures the rapid proliferation of the virus while ultimately leading to the destruction of the bacterial host.Attachment and DNA InjectionThe infection process begins with the recognition and binding of the T4 phage to the E. coli cell surface. Tail fibers of the phage...
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Bacteriophages, also known as phages, are specialized viruses that infect bacteria. A key characteristic of phages is their distinctive “head-tail” morphology. A phage begins the infection process (i.e., lytic cycle) by attaching to the outside of a bacterial cell. Attachment is accomplished via proteins in the phage tail that bind to specific receptor proteins on the outer surface of the bacterium. The tail injects the phage’s DNA genome into the bacterial cytoplasm. In the...
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Firmicutes is a diverse phylum of Gram-positive bacteria characterized by a low GC content in their genomes. This phylum includes organisms with monoderm or diderm cell envelopes, highlighting a complex evolutionary history. Firmicutes comprises several major orders, including Lactobacillales, Clostridiales, and Bacillales, which exhibit remarkable diversity in their morphology, metabolism, and ecological roles.The order Lactobacillales includes lactic acid bacteria, which are fermentative...
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Bacillus cereus Group Bacteriophage Flapjack Genome Sequence.

Ivan Erill1, Steven M Caruso2,

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The bacteriophage Flapjack, a dsDNA virus infecting Bacillus cereus, was discovered in Washington, DC soil. It uniquely possesses a tail fiber protein typically found in other viral families but not previously in Myoviridae.

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Virology
  • Genomics

Background:

  • The Bacillus cereus group is a complex of related bacterial species.
  • Bacteriophages are viruses that infect bacteria and play roles in microbial ecosystems.
  • Myoviridae, Podoviridae, and Siphoviridae are families of bacteriophages with distinct morphological characteristics.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To characterize the Bacillus cereus group bacteriophage Flapjack.
  • To investigate the genetic makeup and evolutionary relationships of bacteriophage Flapjack.
  • To identify novel protein domains or functions within bacteriophages.

Main Methods:

  • Isolation and characterization of bacteriophage Flapjack from soil samples.
  • Genomic sequencing and analysis of the bacteriophage Flapjack DNA.
  • Comparative genomic analysis with known bacteriophage families.

Main Results:

  • Flapjack was identified as a double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) Myoviridae bacteriophage.
  • Flapjack belongs to the C3 cluster of Bacillus cereus group phages.
  • A unique feature of Flapjack is the presence of an intramolecular chaperone-containing tail fiber protein, previously unannotated in Myoviridae.

Conclusions:

  • Bacteriophage Flapjack represents a novel discovery within the Myoviridae family.
  • The identified tail fiber protein suggests potential horizontal gene transfer or convergent evolution.
  • Further research into Flapjack's unique genetic elements can enhance our understanding of phage diversity and evolution.