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Related Concept Videos

Infertility in Males01:23

Infertility in Males

609
Male infertility affects millions of couples worldwide, arising from various factors that impact different stages of the reproductive process. An endocrine imbalance resulting from conditions like hypogonadism, Klinefelter syndrome, or pituitary disorders can disrupt hormone levels and reduce sperm production. Testicular defects, such as tumors, cryptorchidism, atrophic testes, abnormal sperm morphology, and low sperm count or motility, may arise due to genetic factors, structural...
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Infertility in Females01:28

Infertility in Females

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Female infertility is defined as the inability to conceive after a year of regular, unprotected intercourse and affects about 10–15% of couples worldwide. The primary cause of female infertility is ovulatory disorders, which hinder the release of eggs. These disorders can be classified as hypothalamic amenorrhea, polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), premature ovarian failure, and hyperprolactinemic anovulation disorders.
Endometriosis, a condition characterized by abnormal growth of...
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Teratogenicity01:07

Teratogenicity

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The ability of a drug to produce structural deformations and functional abnormalities in the developing embryo or the fetus is called teratogenicity, and the drug producing this effect is known as a teratogen. Teratogenic effects include stillbirth, miscarriage, intrauterine growth restriction, and neurocognitive delay. A teratogen may affect the embryo at different stages of development, which is important in determining the type and extent of the damage. During blastocyst formation, the early...
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In Vitro Fertilization01:24

In Vitro Fertilization

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In vitro fertilization (IVF) is a form of assisted reproductive technology where an egg is fertilized with sperm in a controlled laboratory environment before transferring the resulting embryo into the uterus. This process is designed to help individuals and couples experiencing difficulties conceiving.
The IVF process begins with ovarian stimulation, during which reproductive endocrinologists prescribe hormonal medications to stimulate the ovaries to produce multiple eggs instead of the single...
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Fertilization01:38

Fertilization

92.2K
During fertilization, an egg and sperm cell fuse to create a new diploid structure. In humans, the process occurs once the egg has been released from the ovary, and travels into the fallopian tubes. The process requires several key steps: 1) sperm present in the genital tract must locate the egg; 2) once there, sperm need to release enzymes to help them burrow through the protective zona pellucida of the egg; and 3) the membranes of a single sperm cell and egg must fuse, with the sperm...
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Nondisjunction01:21

Nondisjunction

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Nondisjunction is the failure of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids to separate correctly and move to the opposite poles of the cells. This produces daughter cells with abnormal chromosome numbers.  Nondisjunction is common during anaphase I or anaphase II of meiosis.  Mutations in synaptonemal complex proteins that attach homologous chromosomes increase the chances of nondisjunction in anaphase I of meiosis I. In contrast, mutations in topoisomerases and condensins that hold...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 25, 2026

Culturing and Measuring Fetal and Newborn Murine Long Bones
06:58

Culturing and Measuring Fetal and Newborn Murine Long Bones

Published on: April 26, 2019

8.7K

FOETAL BONES CAUSING SECONDARY INFERTILITY: A Case Report.

Mrs P Arora1, R K Sharma2, Bandana Sodhi3

  • 1Professor & Head, Armed Forces Medical College. Pune - 40.

Medical Journal, Armed Forces India
|August 5, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Retained fetal bones after pregnancy can cause secondary infertility, a rare condition. Hysteroscopy is an advanced diagnostic tool for identifying this unusual cause of infertility.

Keywords:
Foetal BonesHysteroscopyInfertility

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Area of Science:

  • Reproductive Medicine
  • Gynecology
  • Obstetrics

Background:

  • Secondary infertility is a common concern affecting women's reproductive health.
  • Retained products of conception (RPOC) can lead to various gynecological complications.
  • Fetal bone retention is an exceptionally rare cause of RPOC.

Observation:

  • Two cases of secondary infertility were investigated.
  • The cause of infertility was identified as retained fetal bones.
  • Hysteroscopy was utilized as a key diagnostic method.

Findings:

  • The retained fetal bones were successfully diagnosed using hysteroscopy.
  • This highlights the effectiveness of hysteroscopy in diagnosing rare causes of infertility.
  • The cases underscore the unusual presentation of retained products of conception.

Implications:

  • Early and accurate diagnosis of retained fetal bones is crucial for managing secondary infertility.
  • Hysteroscopy should be considered in the diagnostic workup for unexplained secondary infertility.
  • Understanding rare causes of RPOC can improve patient outcomes and fertility treatments.