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Related Concept Videos

Skeletal Muscle Relaxants: Therapeutic Uses01:31

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Skeletal muscle relaxants are used to relax muscle tone and alleviate painful muscle contractions. However, the choice of skeletal muscle relaxants depends on the duration of the surgical procedure in order to minimize potential side effects. Skeletal muscle relaxants like neuromuscular blocking agents [NMBAs] are commonly employed as adjuvants alongside general anesthetics in clinical settings. NMBAs are also used to maintain controlled ventilation during surgery of the larynx or pharynx...
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Myasthenia Gravis: Overview and Treatment01:20

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Myasthenia gravis is a neuromuscular transmission disorder characterized by weakness and increased fatigability of skeletal muscles. It is an autoimmune disease affecting approximately one in 2000 people, where antibodies against the α1 subunit of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors are produced.
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Larynx01:21

Larynx

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The human larynx, often referred to as the voice box, is an intricate organ located in the neck. It serves as a pathway for air to enter the lungs during respiration and is an essential component of voice production.
Anatomy of the Larynx
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Myasthenia Gravis: Diagnostic Tests01:15

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Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune condition affecting neuromuscular transmission, causing generalized weakness in skeletal muscles. Initial diagnoses rely on patients' signs, symptoms, and medical history. The challenge lies in distinguishing myasthenia from other muscular dystrophies. An important diagnostic feature is the significant improvement of symptoms after administering anticholinesterase inhibitors.
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Directly Acting Muscle Relaxants: Dantrolene and Botulinum Toxin01:26

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Directly acting muscle relaxants like dantrolene and botulinum toxin (BoNT) have distinct mechanisms and applications. Dantrolene, a hydantoin derivative, acts on the ryanodine receptor (RYR1) in skeletal muscle cells. RYR1 are calcium channels present at the sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane. In response to excitation, they release calcium ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum to the cytosol. Calcium promotes actin-myosin-mediated contraction of muscles.
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Trachea01:22

Trachea

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The trachea, commonly known as the windpipe, is a vital part of the human respiratory system. It serves as a passageway for air to travel between the larynx and the bronchi, allowing oxygen to reach the lungs. Let's explore its anatomical features, dimensions, layers of the tracheal wall, associated muscles, and the functions of its parts.
Anatomical Features:
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 25, 2026

Subcutaneous Neurotrophin 4 Infusion Using Osmotic Pumps or Direct Muscular Injection Enhances Aging Rat Laryngeal Muscles
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Botulinum Toxin Injections Into the Lateral Cricoarytenoid Muscles for Vocal Process Granuloma.

Q Pham1, R Campbell2, J Mattioni1

  • 1Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Rowland Hall-Graduate Medical Education, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

Journal of Voice : Official Journal of the Voice Foundation
|August 6, 2017
PubMed
Summary

In-office injections of botulinum toxin A into the lateral cricoarytenoid muscle offer a safe and effective treatment for refractory laryngeal contact granulomas, showing significant improvement in two cases.

Keywords:
BotoxBotulinum toxinGranulomaLaryngealLateral cricoarytenoid muscle

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Area of Science:

  • Otolaryngology
  • Laryngology
  • Regenerative Medicine

Background:

  • Contact granulomas are benign laryngeal lesions often requiring multifaceted management.
  • Current treatments include voice therapy, pharmacotherapy, steroid injections, botulinum toxin injections, and surgery.
  • Recalcitrant cases present a therapeutic challenge.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the efficacy and safety of in-office botulinum toxin A injections into the lateral cricoarytenoid (LCA) muscle for treating refractory laryngeal contact granulomas.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective chart and literature review.
  • Inclusion of two patients with refractory laryngeal granulomas who underwent bilateral in-office botulinum toxin A injections into the LCA muscles.
  • Assessment of outcomes after 6 months post-injection.

Main Results:

  • Both patients experienced significant improvement in laryngeal granulomas after a single botulinum toxin A injection.
  • Initial grade III granulomas improved to grade I in both cases.
  • The treatment was well-tolerated with no reported adverse events.

Conclusions:

  • In-office botulinum toxin A injection targeting the LCA muscle is a safe and effective modality for refractory laryngeal granulomas.
  • This minimally invasive approach offers a promising alternative for patients who have failed conservative and surgical treatments.