Nitro-Oleic Acid Regulates Endothelin Signaling in Human Endothelial Cells

Nitro-fatty acids are reactive signaling mediators that are formed when unsaturated fatty acids react with nitric oxide or nitric oxide-derived species. Nitro-fatty acids can modify specific signaling pathways via post-translational modifications of Cys residues in key regulatory proteins. One of the signaling cascades activated by nitro-fatty acids is the Keap1-Nrf2 pathway. We have previously studied the effects of nitro-oleic acid (OA-NO₂) on the human endothelial cell transcriptome. We observed that endothelin receptor B [ET-B (gene name EDNRB)], the receptor mediating the vasodilatory effects of endothelin-1 (ET-1) is induced by OA-NO₂ Inasmuch as ET-1 is one of the key regulators of vascular tone, we chose to examine in more detail the effect of OA-NO₂ on endothelin signaling in human endothelial cells. Nrf2 was found to regulate the OA-NO₂-induced transcription of ET-B in human and mouse endothelial cells. Furthermore, chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis revealed that OA-NO₂ increased the binding of Nrf2 to an antioxidant response element in the enhancer region of the EDNRB gene. In addition, we show that the overexpression of both OA-NO₂ and Nrf2 substantially decreased and that Nrf2 silencing increased the ET-1 concentration in the culture media of endothelial cells. The change in the extracellular ET-1 concentration was dependent on ET-B receptor expression. These data suggest that OA-NO₂ modulates endothelin signaling by increasing Nrf2-dependent expression of the ET-B receptor in endothelial cells, which in turn mediates the decrease in extracellular ET-1 concentration. Based on these results, we propose that OA-NO₂ and Nrf2 may alleviate the vasoconstrictive effects of ET-1 by removing it from the circulation.