Copper-tolerant yeasts: Raman spectroscopy in determination of bioaccumulation mechanism

Modern, efficient, and cost-effective approach to remediation of heavy metal-contaminated soil is based on the application of microorganisms. In this paper, four isolates from agricultural and urban contaminated soil showed abundant growth in the presence of copper(II) sulfate pentahydrate (CuSO₄·5H₂O) up to 2 mM. Selected yeasts were identified by molecular methods as Candida tropicalis (three isolates) and Schwanniomyces occidentalis (one isolate). C. tropicalis (4TD1101S) showed the highest percentage of bioaccumulation capabilities (94.37%), determined by the inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). The Raman spectra of C. tropicalis (4TD1101S) analyzed in a medium with the addition of 2 mM CuSO₄·5H₂O showed certain increase in metallothionein production, which represents a specific response of the yeast species to the stress conditions. These results indicate that soil yeasts represent a potential for practical application in the bioremediation of contaminated environments.