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Phloem and Sugar Transport

Phloem and Sugar Transport

Like many living organisms, plants have tissues that specialize in specific plant functions. For example, shoots are well adapted to rapid growth, while roots are structured to acquire resources efficiently. However, sugar production is primarily restricted to the photosynthetic cells that reside in the leaves of angiosperm plants. Sugar and other resources are transported from photosynthetic tissues to other specialized tissues by a process called translocation.

The Apoplast and Symplast

The Apoplast and Symplast

Plant growth depends on its ability to take up water and dissolved minerals from the soil. The root system of every plant is equipped with the necessary tissues to facilitate the entry of water and solutes. The plant tissues involved in the transport of water and minerals have two major compartments - the apoplast and the symplast. The apoplast includes everything outside the plasma membrane of living cells and consists of cell walls, extracellular spaces, xylem, phloem, and tracheids. The...

Epiphytes, Parasites, and Carnivores

Epiphytes, Parasites, and Carnivores

Plants often form mutualistic relationships with soil-dwelling fungi or bacteria to enhance their roots’ nutrient uptake ability. Root-colonizing fungi (e.g., mycorrhizae) increase a plant’s root surface area, which promotes nutrient absorption. While root-colonizing, nitrogen-fixing bacteria (e.g., rhizobia) convert atmospheric nitrogen (N2) into ammonia (NH3), making nitrogen available to plants for various biological functions. For example, nitrogen is essential for the...

Introduction to Plant Diversity

Introduction to Plant Diversity

From Water to Land

Defenses Against Pathogens and Herbivores

Defenses Against Pathogens and Herbivores

Plants present a rich source of nutrients for many organisms, making it a target for herbivores and infectious agents. Plants, though lacking a proper immune system, have developed an array of constitutive and inducible defenses to fend off these attacks.

Short-distance Transport of Resources

Short-distance Transport of Resources

Short-distance transport refers to transport that occurs over a distance of just 2-3 cells, crossing the plasma membrane in the process. Small uncharged molecules, such as oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water, can diffuse across the plasma membrane on their own. In contrast, ions and larger molecules require the assistance of transport proteins due to their charge or size. Transport across membranes also occurs within individual cells, playing a variety of essential roles for the plant as a whole.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 25, 2026

The Infiltration-centrifugation Technique for Extraction of Apoplastic Fluid from Plant Leaves Using Phaseolus vulgaris as an Example

The Infiltration-centrifugation Technique for Extraction of Apoplastic Fluid from Plant Leaves Using Phaseolus vulgaris as an Example

Published on: December 19, 2014

Plant-Pathogen Maneuvering over Apoplastic Sugars.

Muhammad Naseem¹, Meik Kunz², Thomas Dandekar²

¹Functional Genomics and Systems Biology Group, Department of Bioinformatics, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, Würzburg, Germany; Systems Biology of Plant-Microbes Interaction (SBP-MI) Lab, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Bogazici University, Kuzey Park, Istanbul, Turkey.

Trends in Plant Science

|August 7, 2017

Summary

Plant pathogens exploit apoplastic sugars, triggering plant immune responses. This study reviews recent trends in plant-pathogen competition for these vital nutrients.

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Area of Science:

Plant Pathology
Plant-Microbe Interactions
Plant Immunity

Background:

The apoplast, the extracellular plant compartment, is rich in sugars, making it a prime target for microbial pathogens.
Understanding the dynamics of nutrient acquisition is crucial for deciphering plant-pathogen interactions.

Purpose of the Study:

To highlight recent trends in the competition for apoplastic sugars between plants and microbial pathogens.
To examine these competitive dynamics within the framework of plant innate immune responses.

Main Methods:

Review of recent scientific literature on plant-pathogen competition for apoplastic sugars.
Analysis of various plant-pathogen interaction systems and their associated immune responses.

Main Results:

Pathogens actively compete for apoplastic sugars, a key nutrient source.
Plant innate immunity plays a significant role in modulating this competition.
Diverse strategies are employed by both plants and pathogens in this nutrient arms race.

Conclusions:

The competition for apoplastic sugars is a critical factor in plant-pathogen interactions.
Plant immune responses are intricately linked to the management of apoplastic nutrient availability.
Further research into these dynamics can reveal novel strategies for disease control.