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Related Concept Videos

Menopause01:28

Menopause

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Menopause, a natural biological process marking the end of a woman's fertility, typically occurs between the fifth and sixth decade of life. This phase is characterized by the exhaustion of the ovarian follicle pool, leading to less responsive ovaries despite the high levels of Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing Hormone (LH). The consequential decrease in estrogen production results in symptoms like hot flashes, heavy sweating, headaches, hair loss, muscle pains, vaginal...
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Menses Phase01:18

Menses Phase

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The uterine cycle begins with the menstrual phase, which is considered day one of the cycle and typically lasts about five days. This phase is characterized by the degeneration and shedding of the stratum functionalis, the functional layer of the endometrium.
When fertilization does not occur, the corpus luteum deteriorates, causing a significant drop in the levels of estrogen and progesterone in the body. This hormonal decrease triggers the release of prostaglandins, which cause the uterine...
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Disorders of the Female Reproductive System01:24

Disorders of the Female Reproductive System

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The female reproductive system can be affected by several disorders, including Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS), Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD), endometriosis, and various forms of cancer. PMS and PMDD are cyclical conditions that cause physical and emotional distress, with symptoms that include edema, mood swings, and food cravings. PMDD is a more severe form of PMS characterized by increased symptom severity that peaks during the luteal phase and tends to improve or resolve shortly after...
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The Menstrual Cycle01:19

The Menstrual Cycle

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The menstrual cycle is a recurrent sequence of changes in the uterine endometrium, specifically its functional layer, the stratum functionalis. This cycle prepares the uterus for potential pregnancy. This cycle typically spans 21–35 days, averaging 28 days, and aligns with the ovarian cycle, regulated by fluctuating levels of ovarian hormones, primarily estrogen and progesterone.
The menstrual phase occurs from days 1 to 5 and involves the shedding of the stratum functionalis, as a...
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Hormonal Regulation of the Menstrual Cycle01:22

Hormonal Regulation of the Menstrual Cycle

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The ovarian cycle regulates endometrial changes throughout a single menstrual cycle via the coordinated action of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and gonadotrophins.
At puberty, GnRH begins a pulsatile release pattern, which triggers the anterior pituitary gland to secrete follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). The frequency and amplitude of GnRH pulses vary across the menstrual cycle, with faster pulses favoring LH release and slower pulses favoring FSH...
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Oogenesis02:07

Oogenesis

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In human women, oogenesis produces one mature egg cell or ovum for every precursor cell that enters meiosis. This process differs in two unique ways from the equivalent procedure of spermatogenesis in males. First, meiotic divisions during oogenesis are asymmetric, meaning that a large oocyte (containing most of the cytoplasm) and minor polar body are produced as a result of meiosis I, and again following meiosis II. Since only oocytes will go on to form embryos if fertilized, this unequal...
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Ex Vivo Method for Assessing the Mouse Reproductive Tract Spontaneous Motility and a MATLAB-based Uterus Motion Tracking Algorithm for Data Analysis
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Abnormal uterine bleeding in perimenopause.

S R Goldstein1, M A Lumsden2

  • 1a Professor of Obstetrics and Gynecology , New York University School of Medicine , New York , NY , USA.

Climacteric : the Journal of the International Menopause Society
|August 8, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB) diagnosis and management are increasingly effective in outpatient settings. Various diagnostic tools and treatments, including hormonal therapies and minimally invasive procedures, improve quality of life and can avoid hysterectomy.

Keywords:
Abnormal uterine bleedingheavy menstrual bleedingintermenstrual bleedingmenorrhagiametrorrhagiaperimenopause

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Area of Science:

  • Gynecology
  • Reproductive Medicine

Background:

  • Abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB) is a frequent gynecological complaint.
  • Prompt diagnosis and treatment of menstrual disorders are facilitated by advanced diagnostic tools in office settings.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the advantages and disadvantages of key diagnostic methods for AUB: transvaginal ultrasound, blind endometrial sampling, and diagnostic hysteroscopy.
  • To discuss current therapeutic options for AUB, ranging from medical management to minimally invasive procedures.

Main Methods:

  • Review of diagnostic modalities including transvaginal ultrasound, endometrial sampling, and hysteroscopy.
  • Discussion of therapeutic interventions such as oral contraceptives, levonorgestrel intrauterine systems, antifibrinolytics, selective progesterone receptor modulators, operative hysteroscopy, and endometrial ablation.

Main Results:

  • Diagnostic tools enable prompt identification of menstrual disorders in an office setting.
  • A minority of AUB cases involve premalignant or malignant conditions.
  • Effective outpatient therapies, including medical and minimally invasive surgical options, are available for AUB management.

Conclusions:

  • Accurate diagnosis of AUB is crucial for appropriate management.
  • Numerous effective outpatient treatments exist for AUB, improving patient quality of life.
  • Minimally invasive procedures and medical therapies can provide relief and potentially defer hysterectomy.