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Related Concept Videos

Allergic Reactions: Anaphylaxis01:30

Allergic Reactions: Anaphylaxis

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Anaphylaxis is a severe, life-threatening hypersensitivity reaction mediated by Immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies. When IgE binds to allergens, it triggers the release of mediators– histamine, leukotrienes, and prostaglandins from mast cells and basophils. These mediators cause vasodilation, edema, and inflammation, leading to various symptoms.The primary allergens causing anaphylaxis include food items (e.g., peanuts, shellfish), drugs (e.g., penicillin, asparaginase, corticotropin,...
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Asthma is a chronic pulmonary condition involving inflammation of the airways, hyper-reactivity, and reversible obstruction of the airways. This condition can significantly impact a person's quality of life, making breathing difficult and leading to distressing symptoms.
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Asthma is a prevalent chronic respiratory condition marked by inflammation and hyperresponsiveness of the airways. Its pathophysiology involves complex interactions among inflammatory pathways, immune responses, and neural mechanisms.
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Allergic reactions related to drugs are hypersensitivity responses driven by the immune system and bear no connection to the drug's therapeutic action. While drugs in isolation do not trigger an immune response, they can interact with endogenous proteins to form antigens. These antigens stimulate lymphocytes to produce antibodies. IgE-type antibodies attach themselves to mast cells. Upon subsequent exposure to the same stimulus, the antigen-antibody interaction is initiated, unleashing...
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Drug-related allergies are immune-mediated responses triggered by the administration of pharmacological agents. These hypersensitivity reactions are classified based on the immune mechanisms involved. The four primary types—Type I, II, III, and IV—are mediated by different immunological pathways and exhibit distinct clinical manifestations.Type I Hypersensitivity/ IgE-Mediated Reactions: Immunoglobulin E (IgE) immediately mediates Type I hypersensitivity reactions. Upon initial...
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Measuring Local Anaphylaxis in Mice
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The pathophysiology of anaphylaxis.

Laurent L Reber1, Joseph D Hernandez2, Stephen J Galli3

  • 1Department of Immunology, Unit of Antibodies in Therapy and Pathology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Paris, France; Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif; Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif.

The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology
|August 8, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Anaphylaxis is a severe allergic reaction with life-threatening symptoms. This review explores its immune mechanisms, triggers, and potential evolutionary advantages, offering insights into this aberrant immune response.

Keywords:
AnaphylaxisIgEbasophilscysteinyl leukotrienesepinephrinefood allergyhistaminemast cellsplatelet-activating factorurticaria

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Allergy Research
  • Pathophysiology

Background:

  • Anaphylaxis is a severe, rapid-onset systemic hypersensitivity reaction.
  • It presents with life-threatening airway, breathing, or circulatory issues, often with skin/mucosal changes.
  • Can be triggered by minimal antigen exposure, highlighting immune response imbalance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current understanding of anaphylaxis immunopathogenesis and pathophysiology.
  • To focus on the roles of IgE and IgG antibodies, immune effector cells, and mediators.
  • To discuss human and animal model studies, host factors, and evolutionary perspectives.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on anaphylaxis.
  • Analysis of human subject studies.
  • Examination of data from genetically modified and 'humanized' animal models.

Main Results:

  • Detailed examination of IgE and IgG antibodies, effector cells, and mediators in anaphylaxis.
  • Insights from human studies and diverse animal models.
  • Consideration of host factors influencing anaphylaxis occurrence and severity.

Conclusions:

  • Anaphylaxis represents a complex immune response with significant clinical implications.
  • Understanding its mechanisms is crucial for managing this severe hypersensitivity.
  • Evolutionarily, anaphylaxis might confer survival benefits in specific contexts like envenomation.