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Related Concept Videos

Toxidromes: Clinical Features01:30

Toxidromes: Clinical Features

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Toxidromes are specific patterns of symptoms resulting from toxic substance exposure. They help in the identification and treatment of poisoning. The symptoms of each toxidrome group indicate poisoning by a certain class of chemicals or drugs.1. Sympathomimetic: Stimulates the sympathetic nervous system. Symptoms include agitation, increased heart rate (HR), blood pressure (BP), respiratory rate (RR), temperature, and pupil size. Drugs like cocaine and amphetamines, along with tremors and...
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Types of Toxins01:36

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Humans continually engage with an environment rich in potentially harmful chemicals. These are introduced to our bodies through inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact. These chemicals exist in various forms, such as air and environmental pollutants, agricultural chemicals, organic solvents, and heavy metals.
Air pollutants, primarily gases, pose significant threats to respiratory health, leading to conditions like hypoxia, lung cancer, and in extreme cases, death.
Environmental pollutants like...
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Drug Toxicity: Allergic Reactions01:30

Drug Toxicity: Allergic Reactions

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Drug-related allergies are immune-mediated responses triggered by the administration of pharmacological agents. These hypersensitivity reactions are classified based on the immune mechanisms involved. The four primary types—Type I, II, III, and IV—are mediated by different immunological pathways and exhibit distinct clinical manifestations.Type I Hypersensitivity/ IgE-Mediated Reactions: Immunoglobulin E (IgE) immediately mediates Type I hypersensitivity reactions. Upon initial...
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Symbiosis00:58

Symbiosis

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Symbiotic relationships are long-term, close interactions between individuals of different species that affect the distribution and abundance of those species. When a relationship is beneficial to both species, this is called mutualism. When the relationship is beneficial to one species but neither beneficial nor harmful to the other species, this is called commensalism. When one organism is harmed to benefit another, the relationship is known as parasitism. These types of relationships often...
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Sexually Transmitted Infections01:26

Sexually Transmitted Infections

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Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are diseases transmitted primarily through unsafe sexual interactions. Bacteria, viruses, or parasites cause them and can result in severe health complications if untreated.ChlamydiaThe bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis is responsible for the disease Chlamydia, the most common STI in the United States. This peculiar pathogen requires human cells to reproduce, residing intracellularly. The initial infection often goes unnoticed because it typically does not...
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Toxic Reactions: Overview01:26

Toxic Reactions: Overview

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When toxic substances penetrate the human body, they disseminate to various tissues, undergoing metabolic changes. This process yields reactive metabolites that may covalently bind with specific target molecules, resulting in toxicity.
Toxicity falls into two primary categories: local and systemic.
Local toxicity appears at the exposure site, such as protein denaturation caused by caustic substances.
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Obtaining Highly Purified Toxoplasma gondii Oocysts by a Discontinuous Cesium Chloride Gradient
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Human toxocariasis.

Guangxu Ma1, Celia V Holland2, Tao Wang1

  • 1Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.

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Toxocara nematodes are zoonotic pathogens causing toxocariasis in humans. Global data on infection rates and health impacts, including allergic and neurological issues, remain limited, necessitating further research for control.

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Area of Science:

  • Veterinary Parasitology
  • Human Health
  • Infectious Diseases

Background:

  • Toxocara nematodes are significant zoonotic pathogens with global distribution.
  • Transmission occurs via the fecal-oral route, leading to toxocariasis.
  • Complications include allergic and neurological disorders, impacting public health.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the biology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of toxocariasis.
  • To summarize the geographic distribution and prevalence of Toxocara infections.
  • To identify research gaps and provide recommendations for disease control.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of Toxocara biology and epidemiology.
  • Synthesis of current knowledge on toxocariasis pathogenesis and clinical aspects.
  • Analysis of global prevalence data and risk factors.

Main Results:

  • Toxocara infections are widespread, with limited global epidemiological data correlating seropositivity and disease.
  • Toxocariasis presents diverse clinical manifestations, including allergic and neurological conditions.
  • Increasing health impacts are noted in some regions, highlighting the need for surveillance.

Conclusions:

  • Further research is crucial to understand the global epidemiology and health burden of toxocariasis.
  • Enhanced diagnostic and treatment strategies are needed.
  • Integrated approaches for prevention and control are recommended to mitigate the impact of this zoonotic disease.