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Related Concept Videos

Tumor Immunotherapy01:27

Tumor Immunotherapy

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Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
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Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response01:27

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Cytotoxic T cells are a vital component of the immune system. They have the remarkable ability to identify and target antigens on infected or abnormal cells. These antigens often originate from intracellular pathogens such as viruses or abnormal proteins cancer cells produce.
Immunological surveillance is the ability of immune cells to monitor and eliminate infected cells with intracellular pathogens, neoplastically transformed cells, and cells with non-self antigens. Cytotoxic T cells and NK...
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T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

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T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
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Cell-mediated Immune Responses01:40

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Introduction to Innate and Adaptive Immunity01:21

Introduction to Innate and Adaptive Immunity

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The human immune system is a complex defense mechanism that protects the body from harmful pathogens and foreign substances. It comprises two crucial components: innate and adaptive immunity.
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Immunodeficiency Diseases01:25

Immunodeficiency Diseases

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Immunodeficiency disorders are conditions in which the immune system's ability to fight infectious disease and cancer is compromised or entirely absent. The immune system comprises a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to protect the body from potentially harmful invaders. When this system is deficient or not functioning properly, it leaves the body susceptible to infections, diseases, or other complications.
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Updated: Feb 25, 2026

Analysis of Human T Cell Activity in an Allogeneic Co-Culture Setting of Pre-Treated Tumor Cells
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Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors: Basics and Challenges.

Bin Li1, Ho Lam Chan1, Pingping Chen1

  • 1University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33156, United States.

Current Medicinal Chemistry
|August 8, 2017
PubMed
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Immune checkpoint inhibitors offer promising cancer treatments by blocking immune evasion. This review explores their principles and resistance mechanisms to improve patient response rates.

Keywords:
CTLA-4ImmunotherapyPD-1T cellscheckpoint blockaderesistance.

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Immunology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Cancer remains a leading cause of mortality worldwide.
  • Immunotherapy has revolutionized cancer treatment in the past decade.
  • Immune checkpoint pathways are crucial mechanisms exploited by cancer cells to evade immune detection.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the fundamental principles of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs).
  • To discuss the antibody and small-molecule forms of ICIs.
  • To explore potential mechanisms of resistance to ICIs.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of current clinical evaluations of ICIs.
  • Summary of basic scientific principles underlying immune checkpoint blockade.
  • Analysis of resistance mechanisms reported in scientific literature.

Main Results:

  • Immune checkpoint blockade is a broadly effective cancer therapy across various cancer types.
  • ICIs are largely independent of specific gene mutation statuses.
  • A significant limitation is that only a subset of patients achieve a complete response.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding ICI principles and resistance mechanisms is vital for enhancing clinical efficacy.
  • Further research into resistance pathways may lead to improved treatment outcomes.
  • Optimizing ICI therapy holds promise for a larger patient population.