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Atomic Spectroscopy: Effects of Temperature01:27

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Atomization, converting samples into gas-phase atoms and ions, is essential for atomic spectroscopy. The flame temperature required for atomization affects the efficiency of the atomic spectroscopic methods by increasing the atomization efficiency and the relative population of the excited and ground states.
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When electromagnetic radiation passes through a material, atoms or molecules transition from a lower to a higher energy state by absorbing radiation corresponding to the energy difference between the two states. The absorption of infrared (IR) radiation causes transitions between vibrational energy levels in a molecule. Therefore, IR spectroscopy is a useful analytical tool for determining the molecular structure of molecules.
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There are two main infrared (IR) spectrophotometers: dispersive IR spectrometers and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometers. In a dispersive IR spectrometer, a beam of infrared radiation produced by a hot wire is divided into two parallel equal-intensity beams using mirrors. One beam passes through the sample, while another is a reference beam. The beams then move through the monochromator, which separates the radiations into a continuous spectrum of different frequencies. The...
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Infrared study on the thermal evolution of solid state formamide.

Riccardo Giovanni Urso1, Carlotta Scirè, Giuseppe Antonio Baratta

  • 1Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Catania, Viale Andrea Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy.

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Formamide can be synthesized on icy surfaces in space through energetic processing. Experiments show it desorbs at 220 K, but can remain trapped in residues until 296 K.

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Area of Science:

  • Astrochemistry
  • Laboratory Astrophysics
  • Planetary Science

Background:

  • Formamide is detected in interstellar environments and on comets.
  • Energetic processing of icy mantles is a proposed formation pathway.
  • Desorption mechanisms are crucial for gas-phase abundance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate the thermal evolution and desorption of formamide.
  • Explore formamide synthesis under simulated astrophysical conditions.
  • Determine the stability of newly formed formamide in icy residues.

Main Methods:

  • Deposition of formamide and relevant mixtures (e.g., N2:CH4:H2O) at 17 K.
  • Energetic processing via ion bombardment (200 keV H+).
  • Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) for sample analysis.
  • Controlled heating experiments to study thermal desorption.

Main Results:

  • Formamide desorbs from pure and mixed ices at 220 K.
  • Ion bombardment of N2:CH4:H2O ice produces formamide.
  • Newly synthesized formamide remains trapped in refractory residues up to 296 K.

Conclusions:

  • Formamide's thermal desorption properties are experimentally constrained.
  • Ion irradiation provides a viable pathway for formamide synthesis in astrophysical ices.
  • The trapping of formamide in residues has implications for its distribution and release in space.