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Hyperpnea and Hyperventilation

Hyperpnea and Hyperventilation

Hyperventilation refers to a higher-than-normal rate and depth of breathing, often associated with anxiety attacks. This excessive breathing surpasses the body's need to expel CO2, leading to a condition known as hypocapnia - an unusually low level of carbon dioxide in the blood. Hypocapnia can constrict cerebral blood vessels, reducing blood flow to the brain, which may result in dizziness or fainting. Early signs include tingling and muscle spasms in the hands and face, caused by falling...

Assessment of Ventilation I: Respiratory Rate

Assessment of Ventilation I: Respiratory Rate

Assessment of Ventilation
A Ventilation assessment is critical for monitoring a patient's health status. Respiration, one of the most accessible vital signs, provides insights into the function of numerous body systems and can indicate serious health issues, such as brainstem injuries from head trauma.
Critical Guidelines for Assessing Ventilation:

Assessment of Diffusion and Perfusion

Assessment of Diffusion and Perfusion

Understanding and evaluating diffusion and perfusion is critical in assessing a patient's respiratory and circulatory health. These processes play key roles in maintaining the body's internal environment, ensuring that tissues receive adequate oxygen while waste products are efficiently removed.
The Role of Diffusion in Respiration
Diffusion is the process by which molecules move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. In the respiratory system, this...

Acute Respiratory Failure-III

Acute Respiratory Failure-III

Hypercapnic respiratory failure, also known as Type 2 or ventilatory respiratory failure, is a severe condition characterized by the body's inability to effectively remove carbon dioxide (CO2) from the bloodstream. It leads to an arterial CO2 pressure (PaCO2) exceeding 45 mmHg and a blood pH above 7.35. This situation indicates that the body's ventilatory demand, or the ventilation needed to maintain normal PaCO2 levels, surpasses its supply or the maximum gas flow achievable without...

Assessment of Ventilation II: Respiratory Depth and Rhythm

Assessment of Ventilation II: Respiratory Depth and Rhythm

Respiratory Depth
Respiratory depth measures the volume of air inhaled or exhaled during a breath. It can vary from shallow to deep and typically remains consistent when a person is at rest or asleep. Occasionally, individuals will automatically inhale deeply, known as sighing, which inflates the lungs with more air than normal breathing.
To assess respiratory depth, observe the degree of chest excursion or movement:

Alterations in Respiration II

Alterations in Respiration II

There are numerous types of normal and abnormal respiration. Based on ventilatory movements, breathing patterns are classified as regular, deep, or shallow. Examples include Biot's breathing, Cheyne-Stokes respiration, Kussmaul's breathing, hyperventilation, and hypoventilation. Each pattern is clinically significant and aids in evaluating patients.
In Biot's breathing, the respiratory rate and depth are irregular, alternating between periods of deep gasping and apnea. Common causes...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 25, 2026

Expired CO2 Measurement in Intubated or Spontaneously Breathing Patients from the Emergency Department

Expired CO2 Measurement in Intubated or Spontaneously Breathing Patients from the Emergency Department

Published on: January 29, 2011

Eucapnic voluntary hyperventilation test in children.

Janne Burman¹, Heikki Lukkarinen², Varpu Elenius²

¹Department of Pediatrics, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland.

Clinical Physiology and Functional Imaging

|August 8, 2017

Summary

The exercise-ventilatory hyperpnea (EVH) test effectively diagnosed exercise-induced dyspnea in children aged 10-16. This pilot study shows the EVH test is a promising diagnostic tool for pediatric respiratory conditions.

Keywords:

asthma dysfunctional breathing eucapnic voluntary hyperventilation test exercise-induced dyspnoea

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Last Updated: Feb 25, 2026

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Area of Science:

Pediatric Pulmonology
Respiratory Physiology
Diagnostic Methods

Background:

Exercise-induced dyspnea is common in children, often linked to dysfunctional breathing.
The exercise-ventilatory hyperpnea (EVH) test, a bronchoprovocation test, requires further research, especially for diagnosing dysfunctional breathing disorders.

Purpose of the Study:

To evaluate the usability of the EVH test with real-time biofeedback in diagnosing exercise-induced dyspnea in children aged 10-16.
To assess the EVH test's potential as a diagnostic tool in pediatric respiratory assessments.

Main Methods:

A pilot study involving 10-16-year-old teenagers with exercise-induced dyspnea and healthy controls.
A 6-minute EVH test with real-time biofeedback was administered.
Diagnosis of dysfunctional breathing, asthma, or normal respiratory function was confirmed via clinical findings and spirometry.

Main Results:

The EVH test was successfully conducted in pediatric patients.
Spirometry revealed bronchoconstriction in three patients and dysfunctional breathing in three others; three controls remained asymptomatic.
Two patients with dysfunctional breathing did not reach target ventilation due to inspiratory stridor.

Conclusions:

The EVH test was well-tolerated and successful in diagnosing exercise-induced dyspnea in the studied pediatric population.
The test effectively provoked dysfunctional breathing and bronchoconstriction in symptomatic children.
The EVH test shows potential for diagnosing pediatric exercise-induced dyspnea, warranting larger-scale studies.