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Related Concept Videos

Structural Joints: Synovial Joints01:16

Structural Joints: Synovial Joints

8.8K
Synovial joints are the most common type of joint in the body. A key structural characteristic for a synovial joint is the presence of a joint cavity. This fluid-filled space is where the articulating surfaces of the bones contact each other. Also, unlike fibrous or cartilaginous joints, the articulating bone surfaces at a synovial joint are not directly connected to each other with fibrous connective tissue or cartilage. This gives the bones of a synovial joint the ability to move smoothly...
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Knee Joint01:23

Knee Joint

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The knee joint is the most complicated joint in the body. It consists of three articulations– two tibiofemoral and one patellofemoral. As is characteristic of synovial joints, the knee joint has a thin articular capsule that partially surrounds this joint cavity. Additionally, several ligaments, muscles, and cartilaginous structures support the movement of the knee.
A total of seven ligaments support the knee joint. The patellar ligament, which is also attached to the quadriceps femoris...
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Ankle Joint01:10

Ankle Joint

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The ankle is formed by the talocrural joint (crural = leg). It consists of the articulations between the talus bone of the foot and the distal ends of the tibia and fibula of the leg. The superior aspect of the talus bone is square-shaped and has three areas of articulation. The top of the talus articulates with the inferior tibia. This is the portion of the ankle joint that carries the body weight between the leg and foot. The sides of the talus are firmly held in position by the articulations...
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Joints01:26

Joints

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Joints, also called articulations or articular surfaces, are points at which ligaments or other tissues connect adjacent bones. Joints permit movement and stability, and can be classified based on their structure or function.
Structural joint classifications are based on the material that makes up the joint as well as whether or not the joint contains a space between the bones. Joints are structurally classified as fibrous, cartilaginous, or synovial.
Fibrous Joints Are Immovable
The bones of a...
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Introduction to Joints00:58

Introduction to Joints

5.1K
The adult human body usually has 206 bones, and except for the hyoid bone in the neck, each bone is connected to at least one other bone. Joints are the location where bones come together. Many joints allow for movement between the bones. At these joints, the articulating surfaces of the adjacent bones can move smoothly against each other. However, the bones of other joints may be joined by connective tissue or cartilage. These joints are designed for stability and provide little or no...
5.1K
Development of the Limb Synovial Joints01:07

Development of the Limb Synovial Joints

2.5K
Joints form during embryonic development in conjunction with the formation and growth of the associated bones. The embryonic tissue that gives rise to all bones, cartilage, and connective tissues of the body is called mesenchyme.
The mesenchymal stem cells differentiate into chondrocytes that form the hyaline cartilage, and later the cartilaginous model of the bone. This model further transforms into a bone. This process is known as endochondral ossification.
During development, the limbs...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 25, 2026

A Friction Testing-Bioreactor Device for Study of Synovial Joint Biomechanics, Mechanobiology, and Physical Regulation
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A Friction Testing-Bioreactor Device for Study of Synovial Joint Biomechanics, Mechanobiology, and Physical Regulation

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Help not wanted in the joint.

Andrew H Lichtman1

  • 1Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.

Science Immunology
|August 8, 2017
PubMed
Summary

A new type of T cell that assists B cells has been identified. This T cell subset is more abundant in the joints of individuals with rheumatoid arthritis.

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Rheumatology

Background:

  • Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by joint inflammation.
  • The precise immune mechanisms driving RA pathogenesis are not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify and characterize novel immune cell subsets involved in rheumatoid arthritis pathogenesis.
  • To investigate the role of T cells in supporting B cell function within the inflamed joint environment.

Main Methods:

  • Flow cytometry and single-cell RNA sequencing were used to analyze immune cells from synovial fluid and tissue of rheumatoid arthritis patients.
  • Immunohistochemistry was employed to visualize cell distribution in joint tissues.

Main Results:

  • A previously unrecognized T cell subset, designated as T follicular helper-like cells (Tfh-like), was identified.

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In Vivo Imaging Uncovers the Migratory Behavior of Leukocytes within the Joints
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In Vivo Imaging Uncovers the Migratory Behavior of Leukocytes within the Joints

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Creation of a Knee Joint-on-a-Chip for Modeling Joint Diseases and Testing Drugs
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Creation of a Knee Joint-on-a-Chip for Modeling Joint Diseases and Testing Drugs

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  • Tfh-like cells were found to be significantly expanded in the joints of rheumatoid arthritis patients compared to healthy controls.
  • These Tfh-like cells express markers associated with B cell help, including ICOS and PD-1.

    • Conclusions:

    • The newly discovered Tfh-like cell subset represents a potential key player in the autoimmune response in rheumatoid arthritis.
    • Expansion of these T cells in joints suggests a role in promoting B cell activation and autoantibody production in RA.