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Related Concept Videos

Types of Cement I01:21

Types of Cement I

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Portland cement comes in several types, each with distinct properties and applications based on their chemical composition and hydration characteristics:
Type I (Ordinary Portland Cement) is widely used for general construction where special properties are not required. It has moderate sulfate resistance and heat of hydration.
Type II (Modified Cement) offers moderate resistance to sulfate attack and a lower rate of heat development compared to Type I. It is suitable for structures in...
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Nuclear Transmutation03:20

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Nuclear transmutation is the conversion of one nuclide into another. It can occur by the radioactive decay of a nucleus, or the reaction of a nucleus with another particle. The first manmade nucleus was produced in Ernest Rutherford’s laboratory in 1919 by a transmutation reaction, the bombardment of one type of nuclei with other nuclei or with neutrons. Rutherford bombarded nitrogen-14 atoms with high-speed α particles from a natural radioactive isotope of radium and observed...
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Hydration of Cement01:24

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Hydration of cement is a chemical reaction between cement particles and water. This process occurs primarily through two mechanisms: through-solution and topochemical. In the through-solution process, anhydrous compounds dissolve into their constituents, hydrates form in the solution, and then precipitate from the supersaturated solution. The topochemical process involves solid-state reactions at the cement particle surface. The through-solution process dominates the topochemical process at the...
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Types of Cement II01:22

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Portland blast-furnace cement is made by blending Portland cement clinker with granulated blast-furnace slag, which accounts for 25 to 65 percent of the cement's weight. Despite its similarities to ordinary Portland (Type I) cement in terms of fineness and setting times, its early strength is lower, though it achieves comparable strength later on. It's particularly suited for mass concrete structures and marine environments due to its lower heat of hydration and superior sulfate...
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Transition Zone01:28

Transition Zone

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The transition zone in concrete is a critical area where aggregate meets cement paste, marked by a distinct porosity and weakness compared to the surrounding material. The adhesion around the aggregates is primarily due to Van Der Waals forces. The voids within this zone influence its robustness; initially, it is less durable than the surrounding bulk mortar due to larger voids. Initially, when concrete is compacted, a higher water-cement ratio near the aggregates leads to the formation of...
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Preplaced Aggregate Concrete01:29

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Preplaced aggregate concrete is ideal for construction environments that are not easily accessible. The process begins by properly wetting the gap-graded coarse aggregates to remove the dirt, then placing it in the form and compacting it. Voids are filled with a mortar mix pumped under pressure through slotted pipes. This mortar typically consists of Portland cement, pozzolan, fine aggregates, water, and a fluidizing aid. The pozzolan helps reduce bleeding and segregation while improving the...
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Getters for improved technetium containment in cementitious waste forms.

R Matthew Asmussen1, Carolyn I Pearce1, Brian W Miller2

  • 1Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 902 Battelle Blvd, Richland, WA, USA.

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Adding potassium metal sulfide (KMS-2) getter materials to Cast Stone effectively immobilizes technetium (Tc) in low activity waste (LAW). This method significantly reduces Tc release by forming stable Tc-sulfide species, enhancing waste form performance.

Keywords:
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Area of Science:

  • Nuclear waste management
  • Materials science
  • Environmental chemistry

Background:

  • Cast Stone is a potential cementitious waste form for immobilizing low activity nuclear waste (LAW) at the Hanford site.
  • Technetium (Tc) is a mobile radionuclide of concern in LAW, necessitating effective sequestration strategies.
  • Understanding Tc speciation and stability within waste forms is crucial for predicting long-term release.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the efficacy of getter materials in sequestering Tc within a Cast Stone waste form.
  • To compare the stability of Tc sequestered as Tc(IV)-oxide versus Tc(IV)-sulfide species.
  • To determine the impact of getter addition on Tc diffusion and release from Cast Stone.

Main Methods:

  • Incorporation of Sn(II) apatite (Sn-A) and potassium metal sulfide (KMS-2) getter materials into Cast Stone formulations.
  • Immobilization and subsequent leaching studies of Tc-spiked LAW simulants.
  • Measurement of observed diffusion coefficients (Dobs) for Tc in Cast Stone with and without getters.
  • Analysis of Tc speciation within the Cast Stone matrix.

Main Results:

  • Cast Stone containing KMS-2 demonstrated superior performance in Tc sequestration compared to Sn-A or no getter.
  • The addition of KMS-2 at ~0.08wt% reduced the observed diffusion of Tc from 4.6±0.2×10⁻¹² cm²/s to 5.4±0.4×10⁻¹³ cm²/s.
  • Tc sequestered as Tc(IV)-sulfide species within KMS-2 containing Cast Stone exhibited greater stability against re-oxidation than Tc(IV)-oxide species.

Conclusions:

  • Potassium metal sulfide (KMS-2) is an effective getter material for reducing Tc release from Cast Stone LAW immobilization.
  • The enhanced stability of Tc-sulfide species is the primary reason for the observed decrease in Tc diffusion.
  • This study highlights the importance of considering radionuclide speciation for optimizing nuclear waste form performance.