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Related Concept Videos

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Hydrolysis of Chlorobenzene to Phenol: Dow Process

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Simple aryl halides do not react with nucleophiles under normal conditions. However, the reaction can proceed under drastic conditions involving high temperatures and high pressure to give the substituted products. For example, chlorobenzene is converted to phenol using aqueous sodium hydroxide at 350 °C under high pressure by the Dow process. The reaction follows an elimination-addition mechanism involving a benzyne intermediate. Here, the chloride ion is...
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Dieckmann cyclization is an intramolecular Claisen condensation of diesters. The reaction occurs in the presence of a base and generates a cyclic β-ketoester as the final product. Commonly, 1, 6 and 1, 7-diesters are preferred substrates for the reaction since the generated five, and six-membered cyclic β-keto esters are particularly more stable.
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Crossed Claisen condensations are base-promoted reactions between two different ester molecules producing β-dicarbonyl compounds.  The reaction involving esters, with both containing α hydrogen, results in a mixture of four different products that are difficult to isolate. This reduces the synthetic utility of the reaction.
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Benzene is the simplest aromatic hydrocarbon or arene. The IUPAC names for simple monosubstituted benzene derivatives are derived by adding the substituent's name as a prefix to the parent benzene. For example, halobenzene, where the halogen could be fluoro (F), chloro (Cl), bromo (Br), and iodo (I).
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Simple unsubstituted benzene has six aromatic protons, all chemically equivalent. Therefore, benzene exhibits only a singlet peak at δ 7.3 ppm in the 1H NMR spectrum. The observed shift is far downfield because the aromatic ring current strongly deshields the protons. Any substitution on the benzene ring makes the aromatic protons nonequivalent, and the protons split each other. The peak is, therefore, no longer a singlet and the splitting pattern and their associated coupling...
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Structure and Nomenclature of Ethers02:28

Structure and Nomenclature of Ethers

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Structure and Bonding
Ethers are organic compounds with an ether functional group which is characterized by an oxygen atom connected to two — identical or different — alkyl, aryl, or vinyl groups. The C–O–C linkage in dimethyl ether — the simplest ether — has an approximately tetrahedral bond angle of 110.3 degrees. The oxygen atom is sp3- hybridized, with the C–O distance being about 140 pm.
Classification of Ethers
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Updated: Feb 25, 2026

Preparation of Monodomain Liquid Crystal Elastomers and Liquid Crystal Elastomer Nanocomposites
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Liquid Crystalline Esters of Dibenzophenazines.

Kevin John Anthony Bozek1, Kuan I Ho2, Tom Saint-Martin3,4

  • 1Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada. kbozek@sfu.ca.

Materials (Basel, Switzerland)
|August 10, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Researchers synthesized new ester derivatives of a dibenzo[a,c]phenazine core to investigate their liquid crystalline properties. The study found these compounds form stable columnar hexagonal phases, with modifications to ester groups tuning transition temperatures without disrupting the mesophase.

Keywords:
columnar liquid crystaldibenzophenazinediscotic

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Organic Chemistry
  • Supramolecular Chemistry

Background:

  • Dibenzo[a,c]phenazine derivatives are known for their potential in advanced materials.
  • Liquid crystalline materials offer unique self-assembly properties for various applications.
  • Understanding structure-property relationships is crucial for designing novel liquid crystals.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize and characterize novel ester derivatives of 2,3,6,7-tetrakis(hexyloxy)dibenzo[a,c]phenazine-11-carboxylic acid.
  • To investigate the impact of ester group modifications on the liquid crystalline behavior.
  • To explore the formation and stability of mesophases in these new compounds.

Main Methods:

  • Organic synthesis of ester derivatives.
  • Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) for thermal analysis.
  • Polarized Optical Microscopy (POM) for phase identification.
  • X-ray diffraction (XRD) for structural characterization of mesophases.

Main Results:

  • A series of ester derivatives were successfully synthesized.
  • All synthesized compounds exhibited columnar hexagonal liquid crystalline phases.
  • These mesophases were stable over broad temperature ranges.
  • Variations in ester chain length, branching, and terminal groups modulated transition temperatures.

Conclusions:

  • Esterification of the dibenzo[a,c]phenazine core provides a viable route to liquid crystalline materials.
  • The columnar hexagonal mesophase is robust and can be tuned by molecular design.
  • These findings contribute to the development of new materials with tunable liquid crystalline properties.