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    Area of Science:

    • Optics and Photonics
    • Wave Propagation
    • Computational Electromagnetics

    Background:

    • The Rayleigh-Sommerfeld diffraction integrals are fundamental in optics.
    • Existing approximations like Fresnel and Fraunhofer have limitations in non-paraxial and off-axis scenarios.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To develop a novel approximation for scalar and vectorial Rayleigh-Sommerfeld diffraction integrals.
    • To extend the applicability of diffraction integral approximations to paraxial, non-paraxial, and off-axis regimes.

    Main Methods:

    • Utilized a Fourier transform operation, analogous to Fresnel and Fraunhofer approximations.
    • Applied the method to both scalar and vectorial diffraction integrals.

    Main Results:

    • Achieved high accuracy for wave propagation, even with low f-numbers.
    • The approximation was found to be exact for on-axis diffraction scenarios.

    Conclusions:

    • The proposed Fourier transform-based approximation offers a versatile and accurate method for analyzing diffraction.
    • This approach enhances the modeling capabilities for optical systems operating in diverse regimes.