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    This study introduces novel Mach-Zehnder interferometers for efficient few-mode fiber mode (de)multiplexing. New refractive inverters overcome limitations of reflective devices, reducing crosstalk and enabling accurate mode manipulation.

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    Area of Science:

    • Optical Engineering
    • Fiber Optics Communications
    • Integrated Optics

    Background:

    • Few-mode fibers (FMFs) are crucial for increasing optical communication capacity.
    • Mode (de)multiplexing in FMFs is essential for advanced optical networks.
    • Existing methods using Mach-Zehnder interferometers (MZIs) with reflective components face limitations.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the use of reflective image inverters and Gouy phase shifters (RGPS) in MZIs for FMF mode (de)multiplexing.
    • To develop a new, more compact, and flexible exact refractive image inverter.
    • To analyze and mitigate crosstalk introduced by binary phase plates in multiplexing schemes.

    Main Methods:

    • Utilizing Mach-Zehnder interferometers with reflective image inverters and RGPS.
    • Developing and implementing an exact refractive image inverter.
    • Experimental analysis of bimodal multiplexing using approximated and exact refractive inverters.
    • Investigating RGPS with π/2 phase shift for demultiplexing odd modes.

    Main Results:

    • RGPS with π phase shift accurately multiplexes only low-order modes when combined with binary phase plates.
    • The new exact refractive image inverter offers improved compactness and flexibility.
    • MZIs effectively reduce or eliminate crosstalk between multiplexed modes.
    • Experimental demonstration of bimodal multiplexing with refractive inverters.
    • RGPS with π/2 phase shift can demultiplex two odd modes, a feat not achievable by image inverters.

    Conclusions:

    • Novel MZI configurations with refractive image inverters enable efficient and low-loss mode (de)multiplexing in FMFs.
    • The developed exact refractive image inverter overcomes limitations of previous reflective designs.
    • These interferometric approaches significantly reduce crosstalk, enhancing multiplexing accuracy.
    • Specific RGPS configurations offer unique demultiplexing capabilities for certain mode groups.