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Mechanism of Ciliary Motion

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The ciliary structures were first seen in 1647 by Antonie Leeuwenhoek while observing the protozoans. In lower organisms, these appendages are responsible for cell movement, while in higher organisms, these appendages help in the movement of the extracellular fluids within the body cavities.
The cilia are made up of microtubules in a 9+2 arrangement, with nine microtubule doublet ring bundles, surrounding a pair of central singlet microtubule bundles. The doublet microtubule bundles are...

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Updated: Feb 25, 2026

Novel Techniques for Observing Structural Dynamics of Photoresponsive Liquid Crystals

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Published on: May 29, 2018

Helicity-dependent forked vortex lens based on photo-patterned liquid crystals.

Wei Duan, Peng Chen, Shi-Jun Ge

|August 10, 2017

Summary

Researchers developed a novel liquid crystal forked vortex lens using Pancharatnam-Berry phase. This lens simultaneously generates and separates two optical vortices with high efficiency, offering a simple fabrication method.

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Published on: September 20, 2017

Area of Science:

Optics and Photonics
Liquid Crystal Displays
Vortex Beam Generation

Background:

Optical vortices carry orbital angular momentum (OAM) and spin angular momentum (SAM).
Controlling and separating optical vortices with distinct properties is crucial for applications in optical manipulation and communication.
Liquid crystal devices offer tunable optical properties and ease of fabrication.

Purpose of the Study:

To propose and demonstrate a liquid crystal forked vortex lens utilizing Pancharatnam-Berry phase.
To generate two spatially separated optical vortices with opposite spin and orbital angular momentum.
To achieve simultaneous focusing and defocusing of these vortices with high diffraction efficiency.

Main Methods:

Dynamic photo-patterning technique for fabricating the liquid crystal lens.
Integration of Pancharatnam-Berry phase for tailored optical vortex generation.
Astigmatic transformation for detecting the topological charges of the generated optical vortices.

Main Results:

Successful demonstration of a liquid crystal forked vortex lens.
Generation of two optical vortices with opposite spin and orbital angular momentum, spatially separated.
Achieved simultaneous focusing of one vortex and defocusing of the other.
Exhibited distinctive helicity-dependency and ultra-high diffraction efficiency up to 95%.

Conclusions:

The proposed liquid crystal forked vortex lens provides an effective method for generating and separating (de-)focused optical vortices.
The dynamic photo-patterning technique offers an easy fabrication strategy.
Low power consumption is achieved, making the device practical for various applications.