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Related Concept Videos

Esophageal Varices-I: Introduction01:24

Esophageal Varices-I: Introduction

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Esophageal varices are dilated, tortuous veins which are found mainly in the submucosa of the lower esophagus but which may also appear higher up or extend into the stomach. They develop due to increased pressure in the portal venous system, often as a result of liver cirrhosis. This condition scars and damages the liver, impeding normal blood flow through the portal vein. To compensate, blood seeks alternative pathways, forming fragile new vessels (varices) in the esophagus and stomach. These...
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Peptic Ulcer Disease III: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Studies01:28

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Peptic ulcer disease (PUD) presents with diverse symptoms depending on the location and severity of the ulcer. Clinical manifestations of peptic ulcer include dull pain and a burning sensation in the mid-epigastric region.
Few clinical manifestations differentiate gastric ulcers from duodenal ulcers. Distinctions in the location, timing, and pain relief are crucial for healthcare providers in differentiating between gastric and duodenal ulcers during clinical assessments.
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Esophageal Varices-II: Clinical Features and Management01:28

Esophageal Varices-II: Clinical Features and Management

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Esophageal varices often manifest as gastrointestinal bleeding episodes, presenting symptoms like hematemesis (vomiting of blood), hematochezia (passing fresh blood via the rectum), and melena (black, tarry stools). Other signs can include weight loss, anorexia, abdominal discomfort, jaundice, pruritus, altered mental status, and muscle cramps.
In the initial assessment, a thorough review of the patient's medical history is vital to identify risk factors such as liver disease, alcohol...
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Peptic Ulcer Disease I: Introduction01:30

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Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD) is characterized by mucosal excavation in the esophagus, stomach, pylorus, or duodenum. It can manifest as acute or chronic based on the extent and duration of mucosal involvement.
An acute ulcer, marked by superficial erosion and minimal inflammation, swiftly resolves upon identifying and addressing the underlying cause. In contrast, a chronic ulcer persists, potentially eroding through the muscular wall and forming fibrous tissue.
Peptic ulcers can also be...
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Pathophysiology of Peptic Ulcer Disease: Injurious Factors01:22

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Peptic ulcers are sores on the stomach's inner lining and the upper small intestine, which are the result of disruptions in the mucosal layer that houses parietal cells which produce gastric acid, and chief cells which secrete pepsinogen.
In the antrum region, G cells secrete the gastrin hormone that binds to gastrin-cholecystokinin-B (CCK2) receptors on parietal and enterochromaffin-like (ECL) cells in the fundic glands. Simultaneously, the vagus nerve releases acetylcholine, which binds...
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Gastritis-II: Pathophysiology01:17

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Gastritis is marked by disruption of the mucosal barrier that usually protects the stomach tissue from digestive juices and manifests in acute and chronic forms.
In acute gastritis, the gastric mucosa becomes swollen and red and undergoes superficial erosion. Superficial ulceration may lead to bleeding.
In chronic gastritis, persistent or repeated insults lead to chronic inflammatory changes and, eventually, thinning or atrophy of the gastric tissue.
Gastritis can stem from various causes, each...
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AETIOLOGY OF UPPER GASTROINTESTINAL HAEMORRHAGEAN ENDOSCOPIC STUDY.

H S Pruthi1, S K Sharma2, B Singh3

  • 1Senior Adviser (Medicine and Gastroenterology), INHS Asvini, Colaba, Mumbai.

Medical Journal, Armed Forces India
|August 10, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Upper gastrointestinal bleeding causes in 610 patients were studied via endoscopy. Duodenal ulcers and erosive mucosal disease were common, while oesophageal varices had the highest mortality.

Keywords:
EndoscopyUpper gastrointestinal haemorrhage

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Area of Science:

  • Gastroenterology
  • Endoscopy
  • Internal Medicine

Background:

  • Upper gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding is a significant clinical issue.
  • Endoscopic evaluation is crucial for diagnosing the causes of GI bleeding.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze the etiological spectrum and outcomes of upper GI hemorrhage.
  • To identify common causes and contributing factors in patients undergoing endoscopy.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective analysis of 610 patients with upper GI hemorrhage.
  • Endoscopic procedures performed over an eleven-year period (July 1985 - June 1996).

Main Results:

  • Major causes included duodenal ulcer (31.5%), oesophageal varices (31.5%), and erosive mucosal disease (30.8%).
  • Mortality was highest in the oesophageal varices group (20%).
  • Multiple lesions were found in 6.6% of patients; endoscopy was non-contributory in 11.2%.

Conclusions:

  • Duodenal ulcers, oesophageal varices, and erosive mucosal disease are leading causes of upper GI bleeding.
  • Prompt endoscopic diagnosis and management are essential for improving patient outcomes.
  • Oesophageal varices present a high-risk group requiring specific interventions.