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Related Concept Videos

Structures of Solids02:22

Structures of Solids

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Solids in which the atoms, ions, or molecules are arranged in a definite repeating pattern are known as crystalline solids. Metals and ionic compounds typically form ordered, crystalline solids. A crystalline solid has a precise melting temperature because each atom or molecule of the same type is held in place with the same forces or energy. Amorphous solids or non-crystalline solids (or, sometimes, glasses) which lack an ordered internal structure and are randomly arranged. Substances that...
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Metallic Solids02:37

Metallic Solids

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Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The atoms within such a metallic solid are held together by a unique force known as metallic bonding that gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties.
All metallic solids exhibit high thermal and electrical conductivity, metallic luster, and malleability....
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Ionic Crystal Structures02:42

Ionic Crystal Structures

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Ionic crystals consist of two or more different kinds of ions that usually have different sizes. The packing of these ions into a crystal structure is more complex than the packing of metal atoms that are the same size.
Most monatomic ions behave as charged spheres, and their attraction for ions of opposite charge is the same in every direction. Consequently, stable structures for ionic compounds result (1) when ions of one charge are surrounded by as many ions as possible of the opposite...
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Crystal Field Theory - Tetrahedral and Square Planar Complexes02:46

Crystal Field Theory - Tetrahedral and Square Planar Complexes

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Tetrahedral Complexes
Crystal field theory (CFT) is applicable to molecules in geometries other than octahedral. In octahedral complexes, the lobes of the dx2−y2 and dz2 orbitals point directly at the ligands. For tetrahedral complexes, the d orbitals remain in place, but with only four ligands located between the axes. None of the orbitals points directly at the tetrahedral ligands. However, the dx2−y2 and dz2 orbitals (along the Cartesian axes) overlap with the ligands less than the dxy,...
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Contact Angle01:13

Contact Angle

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When a solid is dipped inside a liquid, the liquid surface becomes curved near the contact. For some solid–liquid interfaces, the liquid is pulled up along the solid, while for others, the liquid surface is convex or depressed near the solid surface. This phenomenon can be explained using the concept of cohesive and adhesive forces.
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Lattice Centering and Coordination Number02:33

Lattice Centering and Coordination Number

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The structure of a crystalline solid, whether a metal or not, is best described by considering its simplest repeating unit, which is referred to as its unit cell. The unit cell consists of lattice points that represent the locations of atoms or ions. The entire structure then consists of this unit cell repeating in three dimensions. The three different types of unit cells present in the cubic lattice are illustrated in Figure 1.
Types of Unit Cells
Imagine taking a large number of identical...
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Concentration-dependent rhombitrihexagonal tiling patterns at the liquid/solid interface.

Vladimir Stepanenko1, Ramesh Kandanelli1, Shinobu Uemura2

  • 1Institut für Organische Chemie and Center for Nanosystems Chemistry , Universität Würzburg Am Hubland , 97074 Würzburg , Germany . Email: wuerthner@chemie.uni-wuerzburg.de ;

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This study reveals how a palladium complex self-assembles into ordered patterns on a surface. Concentration dictates whether lamellar or intricate Archimedean tiling structures form, driven by ligand interactions.

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Area of Science:

  • Supramolecular Chemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Surface Science

Background:

  • Oligophenyleneethylene (OPE)-based metal complexes are of interest for self-assembly.
  • Understanding concentration-dependent self-assembly is crucial for designing ordered materials.
  • Palladium(II) complexes offer unique coordination properties for supramolecular structures.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the self-assembly behavior of a novel OPE-based Pd(ii) complex.
  • To explore the formation of concentration-dependent patterns on highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG).
  • To elucidate the role of chloride ligands in directing self-assembly through C-H···Cl interactions.

Main Methods:

  • Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (STM) was employed to visualize self-assembled structures.
  • Systematic variation of complex concentration on HOPG surface.
  • Comparative analysis with a non-metallic analogue to identify key interactions.

Main Results:

  • The Pd(ii) complex (1) forms highly ordered, concentration-dependent patterns on HOPG.
  • At high concentrations, 2D lamellar structures are observed.
  • Below a critical concentration, the system forms rhombitrihexagonal Archimedean tiling patterns composed of triangles, hexagons, and rhombi.

Conclusions:

  • The self-assembly of the Pd(ii) complex is precisely controlled by concentration.
  • Chloride ligands play a critical role in stabilizing the observed patterns via C-H···Cl interactions.
  • This work demonstrates a pathway to engineer complex supramolecular architectures using metal-ligand coordination and non-covalent interactions.