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Crenarchaeota, a prominent phylum of Archaea, is remarkable for its ability to thrive in extreme environments characterized by high temperatures and acidity. These microorganisms inhabit sulfuric hot springs, volcanic systems, and submarine hydrothermal vents, where temperatures often exceed 100°C. The unique adaptations of Crenarchaeota not only allow survival under such extreme conditions but also provide insights into the mechanisms of life in primordial Earth-like...
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Domain Bacteria includes some unique hyperthermophilic species. They exhibit remarkable adaptations that enable survival in extreme environments.Thermotoga species are rod-shaped, gram-negative, non-sporulating hyperthermophiles that form a sheath-like envelope called a toga. They ferment sugars or starch, producing lactate, acetate, CO₂, and H₂, and can also grow via anaerobic respiration using H₂ and ferric iron. Found in hot springs and hydrothermal vents, over 20% of their...
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Archaea, one of the three domains of life, exhibit remarkable diversity and adaptability, thriving in both extreme and moderate environments. Historically, most identified archaea have been classified into two major phyla: Euryarchaeota and Crenarchaeota. However, recent molecular studies have expanded this classification to include three additional phyla: Thaumarchaeota, Nanoarchaeota, and Korarchaeota, each exhibiting unique characteristics and ecological roles.Thaumarchaeota: Mesophiles...
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Active microorganisms thrive among extremely diverse communities in cloud water.

Pierre Amato1, Muriel Joly1, Ludovic Besaury1

  • 1Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France.

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Active microbial communities in clouds were identified using high-throughput sequencing. These airborne microorganisms, primarily specific bacteria, play a role in cloud ecosystems and atmospheric processes.

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Area of Science:

  • Atmospheric microbiology
  • Cloud science
  • Environmental microbiology

Background:

  • Clouds are vital to Earth's systems, acting as radiation obstacles, chemical reactors, and habitats for airborne microbes.
  • Microbial activity in clouds is known, but the specific active community members remain unidentified.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify the active microbial communities within cloud water.
  • To characterize the composition and diversity of cloud-borne microorganisms.

Main Methods:

  • Cloud water samples were collected at the puy de Dôme Mountain meteorological station.
  • High-throughput sequencing of DNA and RNA extracts was used to identify active microbial species.
  • Microbial cell densities were quantified for bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes.

Main Results:

  • Cloud water harbored approximately 10^3-10^4 bacteria and archaea mL^-1 and 10^2-10^3 eukaryote cells mL^-1.
  • Over 28,000 bacterial and 2,600 eukaryotic species were detected, indicating high microbial richness.
  • Active bacterial members were identified as specific groups within Alpha-, Beta-, and Gamma-Proteobacteria, often classified as epiphytic bacteria.

Conclusions:

  • Specific epiphytic bacteria, including Alpha-, Beta-, and Gamma-Proteobacteria, are the likely active members of cloud microbiota.
  • These identified bacteria are key candidates for influencing abiotic chemical processes in clouds and for aerial dispersion.
  • The study reveals the active players within complex cloud microbial communities.