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Related Concept Videos

Polymer Classification: Crystallinity01:21

Polymer Classification: Crystallinity

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Unlike ionic or small covalent molecules, polymers do not form crystalline solids due to the diffusion limitations of their long-chain structures. However, polymers contain microscopic crystalline domains separated by amorphous domains.
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Polymers are classified as linear or branched on the basis of their chain architecture. The polymer chains in linear polymers have a long chain-like structure with minimal to no branching at all. Even if a polymer features large substituent groups on the monomer, which appear as branches to the skeleton, it is not considered a branched polymer. A branched polymer contains secondary polymer chains that arise from the main polymer chain. The branching occurs when the polymer growth shifts from...
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Colloids03:22

Colloids

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Children at play often make suspensions such as mixtures of mud and water, flour and water, or a suspension of solid pigments in water known as tempera paint. These suspensions are heterogeneous mixtures composed of relatively large particles that are visible to the naked eye or can be seen with a magnifying glass. They are cloudy, and the suspended particles settle out after mixing. On the other hand, a solution is a homogeneous mixture in which no settling occurs and in which the dissolved...
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For any given polymer, the weight average molecular weight (Mw) is higher than, if not equal to, the number average molecular weight (Mn). The only situation in which the weight average molecular weight and the number average molecular weight are equal is when a polymer consists only of chains with equal molecular weight. However, this never happens in a synthetic polymer, since it is difficult to control the polymerization process up to a molecular level with accuracy to a hundred percent.
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Colloidal precipitates01:09

Colloidal precipitates

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The high insolubility of some precipitates can result in an unfavorable relative supersaturation. This can lead to colloidal particles with a large surface-to-mass ratio, where adsorption is promoted. For instance, in the precipitation of silver chloride, silver ions are adsorbed on the surface of the colloidal particles, forming a primary layer. This layer attracts ions of opposite charge (such as nitrate ions), forming a diffuse secondary layer of adsorbed ions. This electric double layer...
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Polymerization generates chiral centers along the entire backbone of a polymer chain. Accordingly, the stereochemistry of the substituent group has a significant effect on polymer properties. Polymers formed from monosubstituted alkene monomers feature chiral carbons at every alternate position in the polymer backbone. Relative to the predominant orientation of substituents at the adjacent chiral carbons, the polymer can exist in three different configurations: isotactic, syndiotactic, and...
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Stratification in Drying Polymer-Polymer and Colloid-Polymer Mixtures.

Michael P Howard1, Arash Nikoubashman2, Athanassios Z Panagiotopoulos1

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Drying polymer and colloid mixtures self-assemble into stratified layers. The structure depends on particle size, with a theoretical model accurately predicting these complex drying dynamics.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Soft Matter Physics
  • Computational Chemistry

Background:

  • Understanding the self-assembly of complex fluids during drying is crucial for materials fabrication.
  • Polymer and colloid mixtures exhibit unique phase behaviors influenced by particle size and interactions.
  • Drying processes can induce significant structural changes in these mixtures.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the stratification behavior of drying polymer-polymer and colloid-polymer mixtures.
  • To develop and validate a theoretical model for predicting mixture structures during drying.
  • To elucidate the influence of relative particle sizes on self-assembly.

Main Methods:

  • Langevin dynamics computer simulations were employed to model drying mixtures.
  • Theoretical modeling based on dynamical density functional theory was developed.
  • Simulation results were compared with theoretical predictions for validation.

Main Results:

  • Polymer-polymer mixtures formed layered structures, with shorter polymers near the drying interface.
  • Colloid-polymer mixtures showed size-dependent stratification: polymer-on-top or colloid-on-top.
  • The theoretical model achieved excellent quantitative agreement for polymer-polymer systems and qualitative agreement for colloid-polymer systems.

Conclusions:

  • Drying-induced stratification in polymer and colloid mixtures is predictable based on particle size.
  • Langevin dynamics and dynamical density functional theory are effective tools for studying these systems.
  • The findings provide insights into controlling self-assembly in complex fluid drying.