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Converging evidence that subliminal evaluative conditioning does not affect self-esteem or cardiovascular activity.

Anke Versluis1, Bart Verkuil2, Jos F Brosschot1

  • 1Health, Medical and Neuropsychology Unit, Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.

Stress and Health : Journal of the International Society for the Investigation of Stress
|August 11, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Subliminal evaluative conditioning (SEC) did not effectively boost self-esteem or reduce stress-related cardiovascular responses in three experiments. Further research is needed to develop effective interventions for stress management.

Keywords:
perseverative cognitionself-esteemstresssubliminal evaluative conditioningworry

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Area of Science:

  • Psychology
  • Health Psychology
  • Cardiovascular Psychophysiology

Background:

  • Low self-esteem can worsen the health impacts of stress.
  • Boosting self-esteem may mitigate stress effects.
  • Subliminal evaluative conditioning (SEC) previously showed promise in enhancing self-esteem.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To replicate and extend previous findings on SEC's efficacy.
  • To investigate SEC's impact on self-esteem and cardiovascular reactivity to stress.
  • To test a personalized SEC intervention in high worriers.

Main Methods:

  • Three experiments were conducted involving subliminal coupling of self-words with positive or neutral words.
  • Participants included general samples and high worriers.
  • Measures included explicit/implicit self-esteem, affect, and cardiovascular reactivity (e.g., cardiac activity) during stress induction.

Main Results:

  • SEC did not significantly increase self-esteem, affect, or reduce cardiovascular reactivity compared to a control condition.
  • No effects were observed across implicit or explicit self-esteem measures.
  • The personalized SEC intervention also yielded no significant benefits.

Conclusions:

  • The current format of SEC is not supported as an effective intervention for enhancing self-esteem or buffering stress.
  • Evidence-based, cost-effective interventions for prevalent stress are needed.
  • Future research should explore alternative methods for stress management.