Absence of Grail promotes CD8⁺ T cell anti-tumour activity

T-cell tolerance is a major obstacle to successful cancer immunotherapy; thus, developing strategies to break immune tolerance is a high priority. Here we show that expression of the E3 ubiquitin ligase Grail is upregulated in CD8⁺ T cells that have infiltrated into transplanted lymphoma tumours, and Grail deficiency confers long-term tumour control. Importantly, therapeutic transfer of Grail-deficient CD8⁺ T cells is sufficient to repress established tumours. Mechanistically, loss of Grail enhances anti-tumour reactivity and functionality of CD8⁺ T cells. In addition, Grail-deficient CD8⁺ T cells have increased IL-21 receptor (IL-21R) expression and hyperresponsiveness to IL-21 signalling as Grail promotes IL-21R ubiquitination and degradation. Moreover, CD8⁺ T cells isolated from lymphoma patients express higher levels of Grail and lower levels of IL-21R, compared with CD8⁺ T cells from normal donors. Our data demonstrate that Grail is a crucial factor controlling CD8⁺ T-cell function and is a potential target to improve cytotoxic T-cell activity.Grail is an E3 ubiquitin ligase that inhibits T-cell receptor signalling in CD4⁺ T cells. Here the authors show Grail also limits IL-21 receptor expression and function in CD8⁺ T cells, is overactive in these cells in patients with lymphoma, and promotes tumour development in a lymphoma transplant mouse model.