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Updated: Feb 24, 2026

An Immunohistopathologic Study to Profile the Folate Receptor Beta Macrophage and Vascular Immune Microenvironment in Giant Cell Arteritis

Published on: February 8, 2019

Giant Cell Arteritis Presenting as PUO.

Sham Santhanam¹, Sampath Kumar Mani²

¹Consultant Rheumatologist.

The Journal of the Association of Physicians of India

|August 12, 2017

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Giant cell arteritis (GCA) can present atypically with fever. Early diagnosis using imaging like PET-CT and ultrasound can confirm large vessel vasculitis, potentially avoiding invasive temporal artery biopsy.

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Area of Science:

Rheumatology
Vascular Medicine
Diagnostic Imaging

Background:

Giant cell arteritis (GCA) is a systemic vasculitis affecting large and medium arteries.
Typical GCA symptoms include headache, jaw claudication, and visual disturbances.
Pyrexia of unknown origin (PUO) is an uncommon initial presentation of GCA.

Observation:

A case of GCA is presented where PUO was the primary symptom.
The patient exhibited elevated inflammatory markers.
Whole body PET-CT revealed signs of large vessel vasculitis.

Findings:

Color Doppler ultrasonography (CDUS) of temporal arteries demonstrated a bilateral 'halo sign'.
The 'halo sign' on CDUS is highly specific for GCA.
This finding suggests that temporal artery biopsy may not always be necessary.

Implications:

Specific imaging findings like the 'halo sign' can aid in early GCA diagnosis.
Non-invasive imaging may reduce the need for invasive procedures such as temporal artery biopsy.
This case highlights the importance of considering GCA in patients with PUO and elevated inflammatory markers, even without classic symptoms.