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Related Concept Videos

Types of Step-Growth Polymers: Polyesters01:20

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The introduction of polyesters has brought major development to the textile industry. The wrinkle-free behavior of polyester blends has eliminated the need for starching and ironing clothes.
Polyesters are commonly prepared from terephthalic acid and ethylene glycol; the crude product is known as poly(ethylene terephthalate) or PET. However, polyesters are synthesized industrially by transesterification of dimethyl terephthalate with ethylene glycol at 150 °C. The two reactants and the polymer...
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Step growth polymerization involves bi or multifunctional monomers. Bifunctional monomers react to form linear step growth polymers, whereas multifunctional monomers react to form non-linear or branched polymers.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 24, 2026

Microfluidic Fabrication of Polymeric and Biohybrid Fibers with Predesigned Size and Shape
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Flexible biodegradable citrate-based polymeric step-index optical fiber.

Dingying Shan1, Chenji Zhang2, Surge Kalaba1

  • 1Department of Biomedical Engineering, Materials Research Institute, The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.

Biomaterials
|August 13, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Researchers developed new biodegradable optical fibers to overcome tissue light scattering. These biocompatible fibers enable organ-scale light delivery and sensing for biomedical applications.

Keywords:
BiodegradableElastomersImagingImplantableOptical fibers

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Optics
  • Materials Science
  • Polymer Science

Background:

  • Tissue turbidity obstructs biomedical optical technologies.
  • Fiber optical waveguides are crucial for light delivery and collection in tissues.
  • Developing implantable optical fibers faces challenges in biocompatibility and optical performance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a novel biodegradable, biocompatible, low-loss optical fiber for organ-scale light delivery and collection.
  • To engineer citrate-based material platforms with tunable opto-mechano-biological properties.
  • To demonstrate the feasibility of implantable optical fibers for deep-tissue biomedical applications.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of two citrate-based biodegradable elastomers with specific refractive index and mechanical properties.
  • Development of a two-step method for creating flexible, low-loss optical fibers.
  • Systematic characterization of optical, spectroscopic, mechanical, and biodegradation properties.
  • In vivo testing in Sprague-Dawley rats for deep-tissue light delivery and fluorescence sensing.

Main Results:

  • Developed flexible, low-loss (0.4 dB/cm) biodegradable optical fibers from citrate-based polymers.
  • Achieved engineerable opto-mechano-biological properties in the new material platform.
  • Demonstrated proof-of-concept for image transmission and in vivo deep-tissue sensing.
  • Confirmed biocompatibility and suitable biodegradation profiles for long-term implantation.

Conclusions:

  • Citrate-based biodegradable optical fibers offer a promising solution for overcoming tissue turbidity in biomedical optics.
  • These fibers support organ-scale light delivery and collection, enabling applications in regenerative medicine and optogenetics.
  • The developed material platform and fabrication method pave the way for future implantable optical devices for deep-tissue imaging and sensing.