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Glucagon-like Receptor Agonists01:24

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Incretins include glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), which stimulate insulin secretion post-meals. In type 2 diabetes, GIP's efficacy is reduced, making GLP-1 a viable drug target. GIP originates from preproGIP.
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Repaglinide (Prandin) and Nateglinide (Starlix), known as glinides, are oral insulin secretagogues that stimulate insulin release from pancreatic β cells by closing the ATP-sensitive potassium channels (KATP channel). Repaglinide controls insulin release from pancreatic β cells by managing potassium efflux. It shares two binding sites with sulfonylureas and also has a unique site, indicating overlapping mechanisms of action. With a rapid onset and a 4-7 hour duration, it effectively...
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Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 Inhibitors01:23

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Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4) is a serine protease widely distributed in the body. It's involved in the inactivation of GLP-1 and GIP hormones, which are crucial for insulin regulation. DPP-4 inhibitors, such as sitagliptin (Januvia), saxagliptin (Onglyza), linagliptin (Tradjenta), alogliptin (Nesina), and vildagliptin (Galvus), help increase the proportion of active GLP-1, enhancing insulin secretion. These inhibitors work by competitively binding to DPP-4. This binding causes a...
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Insulin: Dosing Regimen and Adverse Effects01:16

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Insulin-replacement therapy usually includes both long-acting insulin (basal) and short-acting insulin (to cater to postprandial needs). In a diverse group of type 1 diabetes patients, the average daily insulin dose is typically 0.5-0.7 units/kg body weight. However, obese patients and pubertal adolescents may need more due to insulin resistance.
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Biguanides, particularly metformin (Glucophage), are insulin sensitizers that enhance glucose uptake, thereby reducing insulin resistance. Unlike sulfonylureas, metformin doesn't prompt insulin secretion, which helps to curb hypoglycemia risk. Metformin is beneficial in treating conditions like polycystic ovary syndrome due to its insulin-resistance reduction capability. The drug's primary action involves curtailing hepatic gluconeogenesis, a significant contributor to high blood...
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Insulin Formulations: Types and Delivery01:27

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Insulin preparations are categorized by their duration of action into short-acting and long-acting types. Two strategies are used to modify insulin's absorption and pharmacokinetic profile: slowing the absorption post-subcutaneous injection, or altering human insulin's amino acid sequence or protein structure. These changes retain the insulin's ability to bind to the insulin receptor, but alter its behavior in solution or after injection.
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Measuring Relative Insulin Secretion using a Co-Secreted Luciferase Surrogate
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Insulin Degludec/Liraglutide.

Danial E Baker1

  • 1Washington State University, USA.

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|August 15, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The Formulary Monograph Service provides monthly drug monographs for Pharmacy & Therapeutics Committees, including drug utilization evaluations (DUE/MUE) and online access. This service aids in informed medication management and clinical decision-making.

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Area of Science:

  • Pharmaceutical Sciences
  • Clinical Pharmacy
  • Drug Information

Background:

  • Pharmacy & Therapeutics Committees require up-to-date drug information for formulary decisions.
  • New drug approvals and late-phase trials necessitate comprehensive evaluations.
  • Effective medication use evaluations (MUE) are crucial for patient safety and resource management.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide subscribers with detailed monographs on newly released or late-stage trial drugs.
  • To offer concise summaries for pharmacy and nursing in-services.
  • To deliver comprehensive drug utilization evaluations (DUE/MUE) for targeted agents.

Main Methods:

  • Publication of 5-6 detailed monographs per month.
  • Inclusion of 1-page summary monographs for quick reference.
  • Provision of a comprehensive monthly DUE/MUE.

Main Results:

  • Subscribers receive timely access to monographs on drugs like brodalumab, etelcalcetide, guselkumab, ribociclib, and sirukumab.
  • Monographs are available online, with customization options.
  • A specific MUE on ribociclib was included in the May 2017 offering.

Conclusions:

  • The Formulary Monograph Service supports informed clinical decision-making for healthcare professionals.
  • The service enhances formulary management and medication safety through detailed drug evaluations.
  • Accessible and customizable drug information is vital for modern pharmacy practice.