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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 24, 2026

Assessing Dyslexia at Six Year of Age

Assessing Dyslexia at Six Year of Age

Published on: May 1, 2020

Word decoding development in incremental phonics instruction in a transparent orthography.

Moniek M H Schaars¹, Eliane Segers¹, Ludo Verhoeven¹

¹Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Montessorilaan 3, 6525 HR Nijmegen, The Netherlands.

Reading and Writing

|August 15, 2017

Summary

Children quickly master word decoding accuracy with phonics instruction. Word decoding efficiency improved throughout the study, showing stable individual differences and prediction from early literacy skills.

Keywords:

Decoding Early literacy Longitudinal Phonics instruction Phonological awareness

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Area of Science:

Education
Developmental Psychology
Linguistics

Background:

Phonics instruction is crucial for developing word decoding skills.
Transparent orthographies, like Dutch, offer a unique context for studying decoding development.
Understanding early predictors of word decoding is essential for effective literacy interventions.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the development of word decoding skills in Dutch children during incremental phonics instruction.
To examine the stability of individual differences in word decoding efficiency.
To identify early literacy predictors of word decoding mastery.

Main Methods:

Longitudinal study with 973 first-grade Dutch children.
Incremental phonics instruction over 18 weeks, with embedded decoding assessments.
Assessment of precursor skills (rapid naming, memory, vocabulary, phonological awareness, letter knowledge) and standardized word decoding.

Main Results:

Children achieved high decoding accuracy early on, with continuous improvement in efficiency.
Individual differences in decoding efficiency remained stable during the first 5 months.
Early literacy skills and lexical retrieval significantly predicted word decoding development.

Conclusions:

Incremental phonics instruction effectively enhances word decoding efficiency in transparent orthographies.
Early literacy and lexical retrieval are key predictors for mastering word decoding.
The study highlights the importance of foundational skills for successful reading acquisition.