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Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer02:48

Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer

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Ions are atoms or molecules bearing an electrical charge. A cation (a positive ion) forms when a neutral atom loses one or more electrons from its valence shell, and an anion (a negative ion) forms when a neutral atom gains one or more electrons in its valence shell. Compounds composed of ions are called ionic compounds (or salts), and their constituent ions are held together by ionic bonds: electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged cations and anions. 
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Crystalline solids are divided into four types: molecular, ionic, metallic, and covalent network based on the type of constituent units and their interparticle interactions.
Molecular Solids
Molecular crystalline solids, such as ice, sucrose (table sugar), and iodine, are solids that are composed of neutral molecules as their constituent units. These molecules are held together by weak intermolecular forces such as London dispersion forces, dipole-dipole interactions, or hydrogen bonds, which...
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Ionic Crystal Structures

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Ionic crystals consist of two or more different kinds of ions that usually have different sizes. The packing of these ions into a crystal structure is more complex than the packing of metal atoms that are the same size.
Most monatomic ions behave as charged spheres, and their attraction for ions of opposite charge is the same in every direction. Consequently, stable structures for ionic compounds result (1) when ions of one charge are surrounded by as many ions as possible of the opposite...
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There is variation in the electrical conductivity of materials - metals, semiconductors, and insulators that are showcased with the help of the energy band diagrams.
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An ionic compound is stable because of the electrostatic attraction between its positive and negative ions. The lattice energy of a compound is a measure of the strength of this attraction. The lattice energy (ΔHlattice) of an ionic compound is defined as the energy required to separate one mole of the solid into its component gaseous ions. For the ionic solid sodium chloride, the lattice energy is the enthalpy change of the process:
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Overview
When atoms gain or lose electrons to achieve a more stable electron configuration they form ions. Ionic bonds are electrostatic attractions between ions with opposite charges. Ionic compounds are rigid and brittle when solid and may dissociate into their constituent ions in water. Covalent compounds, by contrast, remain intact unless a chemical reaction breaks them.
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Solid state ionics: a Japan perspective.

Osamu Yamamoto1

  • 1Graduate School of Engineering, Mie University, Tsu, Japan.

Science and Technology of Advanced Materials
|August 15, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Japanese scientists have pioneered solid state ionics research for 70 years, discovering key ion conductors like Rb₄Cu₁₆I₇Cl₁₃ and Li₁₀GeP₂S₁₂ with exceptional conductivity.

Keywords:
206 Energy conversion / transport / storage / recovery207 Fuel cells / Batteries / Super capacitors50 Energy materialsSolid state ionicsaverage structurediffusionfuel cellionic conductormixed conductorsensorsolid electrolytesolid state battery

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Area of Science:

  • Solid State Ionics
  • Materials Science
  • Electrochemistry

Background:

  • Solid state ionics, defined as ions in solids with high conductivity below melting points, has a rich history in Japan.
  • The field was significantly shaped by Takehiko Takahashi of Nagoya University.
  • Japanese researchers have been instrumental in advancing the fundamental science and practical applications of ionic conductors.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review 70 years of solid state ionics research in Japan.
  • To highlight the contributions of Japanese scientists to the field.
  • To document the discovery and characteristics of novel ionic conductors.

Main Methods:

  • Historical review of scientific publications and research endeavors in solid state ionics in Japan.
  • Summarization of key discoveries and technological advancements.
  • Analysis of the properties of significant ionic conducting materials.

Main Results:

  • Discovery of notable ion conductors including copper-ion (Rb₄Cu₁₆I₇Cl₁₃), proton (SrCe₁-ₓYₓO₃), oxide-ion (La₀.₉Sr₀.₉Ga₀.₉Mg₀.₁O₃), and lithium-ion (Li₁₀GeP₂S₁₂).
  • Rb₄Cu₁₆I₇Cl₁₃ exhibits the highest room-temperature ionic conductivity (0.33 S cm⁻¹) among solid electrolytes.
  • Li₁₀GeP₂S₁₂ shows the highest conductivity (0.012 S cm⁻¹) for lithium-ion conductors at room temperature.
  • Pioneering research in high-temperature proton conducting ceramics originated in Japan.

Conclusions:

  • Japanese scientists have made substantial contributions to the basic science and applications of solid state ionics.
  • The review underscores the discovery of groundbreaking ionic materials and the historical context of their development.
  • The research highlights Japan's leading role in advancing ionic conductor technology.