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Pathophysiology of Diabetes01:20

Pathophysiology of Diabetes

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Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia. The four categories of diabetes are type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, other specific types of diabetes, and gestational diabetes.
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Type 2 diabetes, characterized by insulin resistance, arises when the insulin receptors on cells lose responsiveness to insulin, diminishing the cell's capacity to take up glucose, resulting in elevated blood glucose levels. To receive a diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes, a series of blood glucose tests are necessary to assess whether the blood glucose falls within normal parameters. If the result is out of the normal range, a patient may be diagnosed as prediabetic or diabetic, depending on the...
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Without prolonged fasting, healthy individuals maintain blood glucose levels above 3.5 mM due to a well-adapted neuroendocrine counterregulatory system that effectively prevents acute hypoglycemia, a potentially life-threatening condition. The primary clinical scenarios for hypoglycemia encompass diabetes treatment, inappropriate production of endogenous insulin or insulin-like substances by tumors, and the use of glucose-lowering agents in non-diabetic individuals. Notably, hypoglycemia in the...
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Glucose transporters facilitate the transport of glucose across the cell membrane. In addition to glucose, some glucose transporters can also aid the movement of other hexoses such as fructose, mannose, and galactose.
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Carbohydrates consumed through foods are converted into glucose, a crucial energy source for the body. In the prandial state, high blood glucose levels stimulate the secretion of insulin from the pancreas. Insulin inhibits hepatic glucose production and stimulates glucose uptake and metabolism by muscle and adipose tissue. The excess glucose is converted into glycogen and stored in the liver and muscles.
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Carbohydrate metabolism is a fundamental biochemical process that ensures a constant supply of energy to living cells. The most important carbohydrate is glucose, which can be broken down via glycolysis to enter into the Krebs cycle and eventually lead to the production of ATP through oxidative phosphorylation.
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Postpartum glucose intolerance: an updated overview.

Ida Pastore1, Eusebio Chiefari1, Raffaella Vero2

  • 1Department of Health Sciences, University "Magna Græcia" of Catanzaro, Viale Europa (Loc. Germaneto), Catanzaro, 88100, Italy.

Endocrine
|August 16, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Postpartum screening after gestational diabetes mellitus is crucial for preventing type 2 diabetes. However, low screening rates highlight the need for better strategies to engage high-risk women in vital follow-up care.

Keywords:
Gestational diabetes mellitusGlucose intolerancePostpartum screeningPrediabetesType 2 diabetes mellitus

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Public Health
  • Obstetrics

Background:

  • Rising global prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) linked to westernized lifestyles and obesity.
  • Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) prevalence is increasing, significantly predisposing women to T2DM later in life.
  • Postpartum glucose intolerance is common in women with a history of GDM, indicating a critical window for intervention.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To emphasize the importance of postpartum screening for women with a history of GDM.
  • To highlight the potential of early lifestyle modifications in preventing or delaying T2DM onset.
  • To address the low adherence rates to postpartum screening and the need for improved strategies.

Main Methods:

  • Review of evidence on the significance of postpartum screening for GDM.
  • Analysis of the role of early intensive lifestyle modification in managing metabolic profiles.
  • Evaluation of current intervention strategies aimed at improving adherence to postpartum glycemic testing.

Main Results:

  • Identification of postpartum women with GDM is critical for T2DM prevention.
  • Early lifestyle interventions (diet, physical activity) can ameliorate metabolic profiles.
  • Less than 20% of women attend scheduled postpartum screening, despite increased T2DM risk.
  • Existing tools to improve adherence to postpartum testing have yielded unsatisfactory results.

Conclusions:

  • Effective strategies are urgently needed to enhance women's participation in postpartum screening following GDM.
  • Improved adherence to postpartum screening is essential for early detection and prevention of T2DM.
  • Further research into novel and effective interventions is required to address low screening rates.