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Related Concept Videos

Gastrulation01:56

Gastrulation

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Gastrulation establishes the three primary tissues of an embryo: the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. This developmental process relies on a series of intricate cellular movements, which in humans transforms a flat, “bilaminar disc” composed of two cell sheets into a three-tiered structure. In the resulting embryo, the endoderm serves as the bottom layer, and stacked directly above it is the intermediate mesoderm, and then the uppermost ectoderm. Respectively, these tissue strata...
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Bone Formation by Intramembranous Ossification01:29

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Intramembranous ossification is one of the two processes involved in the development of bones within an embryo. The flat bones of the face, most of the cranial bones, and the clavicles are formed via this process. During intramembranous ossification, the bones develop directly from sheets of undifferentiated mesenchymal connective tissue.
The process begins when mesenchymal cells in the embryonic skeleton gather together and differentiate into osteogenic cells, which then develop into ...
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Development of the reproductive organs in an embryo starts from a bipotential state. This means the early embryo can develop either male or female reproductive organs. The formation of these organs begins with the growth of gonadal ridges that arise from the intermediate mesoderm during the fifth week of development.
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Neurulation is the embryological process which forms the precursors of the central nervous system and occurs after gastrulation has established the three primary cell layers of the embryo: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. In humans, the majority of this system is formed via primary neurulation, in which the central portion of the ectoderm—originally appearing as a flat sheet of cells—folds upwards and inwards, sealing off to form a hollow neural tube. As development proceeds, the...
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Cleavage and Blastulation01:33

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After a large-single-celled zygote is produced via fertilization, the process of cleavage occurs while zygotes travel through the uterine tube. Cleavage is a mitotic cell division that does not result in growth. With each round of successive cell division, daughter cells get increasingly smaller.
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Determination01:51

Determination

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During embryogenesis, cells become progressively committed to different fates through a two-step process: specification followed by determination. Specification is demonstrated by removing a segment of an early embryo, “neutrally” culturing the tissue in vitro—for example, in a petri dish with simple medium—and then observing the derivatives. If the cultured region gives rise to cell types that it would normally generate in the embryo, this means that it is specified. In...
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Three and Four-Dimensional Visualization and Analysis Approaches to Study Vertebrate Axial Elongation and Segmentation
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Somitogenesis and Axial Development in Reptiles.

Cindy Xu1, Mariana B Grizante1, Kenro Kusumi2

  • 1School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA.

Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton, N.J.)
|August 16, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Reptiles exhibit diverse axial skeletons, offering new insights into somitogenesis and vertebrate evolution. Gene expression studies using new genomic data reveal novel patterns in embryonic development.

Keywords:
Axial skeletonDevelopmentIn situ hybridizationIn vitro transcriptionReptileRibsSomitogenesisVertebra

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Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary developmental biology
  • Comparative genomics
  • Vertebrate embryology

Background:

  • Reptiles show the most diverse axial skeleton morphology among amniotes.
  • Reptile genomes and transcriptomes are increasingly accessible due to advances in next-generation sequencing.
  • Somitogenesis and axial patterning in reptiles are under active investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore gene expression patterns during somitogenesis in reptiles.
  • To challenge existing models of the segmentation clock and axial patterning.
  • To leverage newly available genomic resources for developmental studies.

Main Methods:

  • In vitro transcription for synthesizing labeled riboprobes.
  • In situ hybridization for analyzing gene expression.
  • Utilizing reptile genome and transcriptome data.

Main Results:

  • Characterization of spatial and temporal gene expression patterns during somitogenesis.
  • Identification of genes involved in axial patterning in reptiles.
  • New data contributing to understanding vertebrate segmentation.

Conclusions:

  • Reptiles provide a valuable model for studying evolutionary developmental biology.
  • Advances in genomic technologies facilitate detailed analysis of somitogenesis.
  • Gene expression studies in reptiles are crucial for understanding vertebrate axial skeleton evolution.