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Related Concept Videos

Aryldiazonium Salts to Azo Dyes: Diazo Coupling01:11

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The reaction of weakly electrophilic aryldiazonium (also called arenediazonium) salts with highly activated aromatic compounds leads to the formation of products with an —N=N— link, called an azo linkage. This reaction, presented in Figure 1, is known as diazo coupling and occurs without the loss of the nitrogen atoms of the aryldiazonium salt. Highly activated aromatic compounds such as phenols or arylamines favor the diazo coupling reaction. The coupling generally occurs at the para...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 24, 2026

Photodynamic Therapy with Blended Conducting Polymer/Fullerene Nanoparticle Photosensitizers
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Dye Sensitizers for Photodynamic Therapy.

Alexandra B Ormond1, Harold S Freeman2

  • 1Fiber and Polymer Science Program, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8301, USA. abpolian@ncsu.edu.

Materials (Basel, Switzerland)
|August 16, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) utilizes dye sensitizers to treat cancers and skin conditions. Porphyrinoids like Photofrin® are highly effective, with other compounds in clinical trials for PDT applications.

Keywords:
clinical trialsphotodynamic therapyphotosensitizersporphyrinstarget organs

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Dermatology
  • Oncology

Background:

  • Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has evolved significantly since the 1990s, with Photofrin® as an early approved sensitizer.
  • Porphyrinoid derivatives are the most successful sensitizers, efficiently producing singlet oxygen for PDT.
  • Several porphyrinoid compounds, including Photofrin®, BPD-MA, m-THPC, NPe6, and PpIX precursors (ALA, MAL, HAL), are FDA-approved for various treatments.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the nature of photodynamic therapy (PDT).
  • To discuss approved dye sensitizers for PDT applications.
  • To highlight compounds currently in clinical trials as PDT sensitizers.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of PDT sensitizers.
  • Analysis of approved and investigational compounds.
  • Focus on porphyrinoid derivatives and other emerging sensitizer classes.

Main Results:

  • Photofrin® remains a highly efficient sensitizer (quantum yield = 0.89) with broad FDA approval.
  • Multiple porphyrinoid compounds have gained regulatory approval globally.
  • Non-porphyrin sensitizers are under investigation, with some in clinical trials.

Conclusions:

  • Porphyrinoid-based sensitizers are the cornerstone of current PDT applications.
  • Ongoing research explores novel non-porphyrin sensitizers for expanded PDT use.
  • The field of PDT sensitizers continues to advance, offering new therapeutic possibilities.