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Related Concept Videos

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AES is a powerful analytical technique, especially effective when used with plasma sources, producing abundant spectra in characteristic emission lines. The Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP), in particular, yields superior quantitative analytical data due to its high stability, low noise, low background, and minimal interferences under optimal experimental conditions. However, newer air-operated microwave sources are emerging as promising alternatives that could be more cost-effective than...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 24, 2026

Non-equilibrium Microwave Plasma for Efficient High Temperature Chemistry
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Non-equilibrium Microwave Plasma for Efficient High Temperature Chemistry.

Dirk van den Bekerom1, Niek den Harder1, Teofil Minea1

  • 1Dutch Institute for Fundamental Energy Research.

Journal of Visualized Experiments : Jove
|August 16, 2017
PubMed
Summary

This study introduces a microwave plasma method for efficient non-equilibrium chemistry. The system converts electrical energy into molecular energy, exceeding equilibrium limits for reactions like CO2 reduction.

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Area of Science:

  • Plasma chemistry
  • Chemical reaction engineering

Background:

  • Non-equilibrium chemistry enables efficient molecular transformations.
  • Flowing plasma reactors offer continuous processing with rapid startup.
  • Stable molecules like CO2, N2, and CH4 are targets for plasma-based activation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present a microwave plasma methodology for converting electrical energy into molecular energy modes.
  • To drive non-equilibrium chemistry efficiently.
  • To demonstrate the conversion of CO2 to CO as a model system.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing a flowing microwave plasma reactor.
  • Employing laser (Rayleigh) scattering for temperature measurement.
  • Using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) for in situ vibrational excitation and effluent analysis.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated conversion of CO2 to CO, exceeding thermodynamic equilibrium.
  • High vibrational excitation achieved, driving non-equilibrium conditions.
  • Continuous process capability with second-timescale startup demonstrated.

Conclusions:

  • Microwave plasma is effective for driving non-equilibrium chemistry.
  • High vibrational excitation is key to exceeding equilibrium conversion.
  • The methodology is suitable for activating stable molecules like CO2.