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Fluctuation spectra and force generation in nonequilibrium systems.

Alpha A Lee1, Dominic Vella2, John S Wettlaufer2,3,4,5,6

  • 1School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138; john.wettlaufer@yale.edu alphalee@g.harvard.edu dominic.vella@maths.ox.ac.uk.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
|August 17, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The fluctuation spectrum of active systems dictates how forces are generated. This spectrum controls whether forces between objects are repulsive or attractive, revealing hidden nonequilibrium interactions.

Keywords:
Casimir effectactive matterfluctuationsnonequilibrium physics

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Area of Science:

  • Physics
  • Soft Matter Physics
  • Statistical Mechanics

Background:

  • Biological systems and artificial materials often feature passive components within active environments.
  • Nonequilibrium forces from active baths influence function but their general behavior is not well understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the general phenomenology of active forces exerted by a nonequilibrium medium.
  • To establish a connection between the fluctuation spectrum and force generation in active systems.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of the fluctuation spectrum (energy partitioning by wavenumber) of active media.
  • Theoretical examination of force generation on embedded walls within active baths.
  • Comparison with examples like the Maritime Casimir effect and active Brownian particles.

Main Results:

  • The fluctuation spectrum's properties (width, peak position) determine force generation.
  • Forces can oscillate between repulsion and attraction based on wall separation.
  • A narrow, unimodal spectrum leads to predictable force behaviors.

Conclusions:

  • Nonequilibrium interactions are fundamentally encoded within the fluctuation spectrum of active systems.
  • The 'noise' or fluctuations in an active medium act as a signal for interactions.
  • Understanding fluctuation spectra is key to controlling forces in active matter and materials.