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Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by persistent inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. It affects approximately 5-8% of children globally, with around 60-70% of cases persisting into adulthood. ADHD has significant implications for educational attainment, social interactions, and occupational success.
Diagnostic Criteria and Symptoms
To diagnose ADHD, symptoms must manifest before age 12 and be evident across multiple settings....

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 24, 2026

Event Related Potentials ERPs and other EEG Based Methods for Extracting Biomarkers of Brain Dysfunction: Examples from Pediatric Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder ADHD

Event Related Potentials ERPs and other EEG Based Methods for Extracting Biomarkers of Brain Dysfunction: Examples from Pediatric Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder ADHD

Published on: March 12, 2020

Pupil Size Tracks Attentional Performance In Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder.

G Wainstein¹, D Rojas-Líbano^1,2, N A Crossley^1,3

¹Departamento de Psiquiatría, Escuela de Medicina and Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.

Scientific Reports

|August 17, 2017

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Pupil size may serve as an objective biomarker for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). This study found pupil diameter differences in ADHD patients during a working memory task, which were normalized by methylphenidate treatment.

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Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Psychiatry
Cognitive Science

Background:

Current attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) diagnosis relies on subjective symptom reporting, risking misdiagnosis.
Objective biological markers are needed to improve ADHD diagnosis and understand its pathophysiology.
Pupil size, reflecting arousal network activity linked to the norepinephrine system, is a potential objective cognitive marker.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate pupil size as a potential objective biomarker for ADHD.
To explore the relationship between pupil size, cognitive performance, and medication in ADHD patients.

Main Methods:

Pupil diameter was monitored in children with and without ADHD during a visuo-spatial working memory task.
A subgroup of ADHD children repeated the task with and without methylphenidate.
Pupil size was correlated with task performance and reaction time variability.

Main Results:

Children with ADHD exhibited decreased pupil diameter during the working memory task compared to controls.
Methylphenidate treatment normalized pupil diameter in ADHD patients.
Pupil size correlated significantly with attention indicators like performance and reaction time variability.

Conclusions:

Pupil size variations are linked to the noradrenergic system's involvement in attention.
Pupil size shows promise as an objective biomarker for ADHD diagnosis and monitoring treatment effects.