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Updated: Feb 24, 2026

Influenza Virus Propagation in Embryonated Chicken Eggs
Published on: March 19, 2015
Novel Influenza D virus: Epidemiology, pathology, evolution and biological characteristics
Shuo Su1, Xinliang Fu2, Gairu Li1
1a Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunology , Institute of Immunology and College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing , China.
Abstract:
In 2011, a new virus was isolated from pigs with influenza-like symptoms and subsequently also from cattle, which are the main reservoir of the virus. It is similar to Influenza C virus (ICV), a (predominantly) human pathogen, causing respiratory disease in children. Since the virus is unable to reassort with ICV (and based on several other criteria as discussed in the text) it is now officially named as Influenzavirus D (IDV), a new genus of the Orthomyxoviridae. We summarize the epidemiology, pathology and evolution of IDV and its biological characteristics with emphasis on the only glycoprotein HEF. Based on the limited data available we finally consider whether IDV represent a public health threat.
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