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Efflorescence in Masonry01:25

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Efflorescence in masonry walls appears as a fluffy crystalline powder, often white, resulting from water-soluble salts within the masonry or mortar. When water penetrates the masonry, it dissolves these salts and brings them to the surface, where they are deposited upon evaporation of water.
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Charge Effects on the Efflorescence in Single Levitated Droplets.

Gunter Hermann1, Yan Zhang1, Bernhard Wassermann1

  • 1Physical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin , Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany.

The Journal of Physical Chemistry. A
|August 17, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Electrical excess charges significantly influence sodium chloride crystallization. Negatively charged microdroplets show increased efflorescence humidity, facilitating heterogeneous nucleation and impacting crystal formation.

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Area of Science:

  • Physical Chemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Atmospheric Chemistry

Background:

  • Crystallization processes are fundamental in various scientific disciplines, including materials science and atmospheric chemistry.
  • Understanding nucleation and crystal growth is crucial for controlling material properties and predicting environmental phenomena.
  • The role of electrical charges in influencing phase transitions, such as crystallization, remains an area of active research.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the effect of electrical excess charges on the crystallization of supersaturated aqueous sodium chloride solutions.
  • To determine how droplet charge influences efflorescence humidity and nucleation behavior.
  • To explore the underlying mechanisms of charge-induced heterogeneous nucleation.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing optical and electrodynamic levitation techniques to study single, levitated microdroplets.
  • Performing efflorescence studies to measure the humidity at which spontaneous nucleation occurs.
  • Employing molecular dynamics simulations to analyze surface structures and nucleation precursors.

Main Results:

  • A significant increase in efflorescence humidity was observed with increasing negative excess charge on sodium chloride microdroplets (up to -2.1 pC).
  • A distinct threshold behavior was identified, raising the relative efflorescence humidity from 44% (neutral) to 60% for charged droplets.
  • Molecular dynamics simulations suggested specific surface structural patterns on negatively charged droplets that facilitate nucleation.

Conclusions:

  • Electrical excess charges, particularly negative charges, play a crucial role in promoting heterogeneous nucleation of sodium chloride from supersaturated solutions.
  • The findings provide insights into charge-induced nucleation mechanisms, differing from those observed in supercooled water.
  • This research contributes to a deeper understanding of crystallization processes influenced by electrostatic interactions.