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Genome comparison is one of the excellent ways to interpret the evolutionary relationships between organisms. The basic principle of genome comparison is that if two species share a common feature, it is likely encoded by the DNA sequence conserved between both species. The advent of genome sequencing technologies in the late 20th century enabled scientists to understand the concept of conservation of domains between species and helped them to deduce evolutionary relationships across diverse...
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Genomics is the science of genomes: it is the study of all the genetic material of an organism. In humans, the genome consists of information carried in 23 pairs of chromosomes in the nucleus, as well as mitochondrial DNA. In genomics, both coding and non-coding DNA is sequenced and analyzed. Genomics allows a better understanding of all living things, their evolution, and their diversity. It has a myriad of uses: for example, to build phylogenetic trees, to improve productivity and...
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While every living organism has a genome of some kind (be it RNA, or DNA), there is considerable variation in the sizes of these blueprints. One major factor that impacts genome size is whether the organism is prokaryotic or eukaryotic. In prokaryotes, the genome contains little to no non-coding sequence, such that genes are tightly clustered in groups or operons sequentially along the chromosome. Conversely, the genes in eukaryotes are punctuated by long stretches of non-coding sequence.
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The genomes of eukaryotes are punctuated by long stretches of sequence which do not code for proteins or RNAs. Although some of these regions do contain crucial regulatory sequences, the vast majority of this DNA serves no known function. Typically, these regions of the genome are the ones in which the fastest change, in evolutionary terms, is observed, because there is typically little to no selection pressure acting on these regions to preserve their sequences.
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How Single-Cell Genomics Is Changing Evolutionary and Developmental Biology.

John C Marioni1,2,3, Detlev Arendt4,5

  • 1EMBL-European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge CB10 1SD, United Kingdom;

Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology
|August 17, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Single-cell genomics reveals developmental lineage and evolutionary changes across species. This technology offers new insights into cell types, stem cell evolution, and developmental processes.

Keywords:
cell type evolutiondevelopmental lineageevolution and developmentsingle-cell genomics

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental Biology
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Genomics

Background:

  • Single-cell data is rapidly expanding, offering new perspectives on cellular development and evolution.
  • Understanding cell types and their regulatory states is crucial for deciphering biological processes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore how single-cell genomics can illuminate developmental lineage and evolutionary trajectories.
  • To showcase insights into stem cell evolution and the reconstruction of evolutionary cell type trees.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of single-cell genomic data across different species and developmental stages.
  • Comparative analysis of cellular transcriptomes and genomes.
  • Reconstruction of developmental lineage trees (kinship and Waddington lineages).

Main Results:

  • Single-cell genomics enables tracking evolutionary changes from zygote to differentiating cells.
  • Reveals insights into the evolution of stem cells.
  • Facilitates the reconstruction of evolutionary cell type trees, such as for the mammalian forebrain.

Conclusions:

  • Single-cell genomics holds immense potential for advancing developmental and evolutionary research.
  • Opens a new era for understanding cellular development and evolution.
  • Provides a powerful tool for comparative analyses across species.