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Acute Pyelonephritis II: Diagnostic Studies and Management

Acute Pyelonephritis II: Diagnostic Studies and Management

Introduction:For diagnosing acute pyelonephritis, a comprehensive patient history is collected to identify symptoms such as dysuria, frequent or urgent urination, flank pain, or costovertebral angle (CVA) tenderness that may suggest a kidney infection.Physical ExaminationDuring the physical examination, CVA tenderness is assessed. This involves gentle percussion over the costovertebral angle, where tenderness often indicates a kidney infection.Diagnostic TestsUrinalysis: Used to identify white...

Urinary Tract Infection III: Diagnostic Studies and Interprofessional Care

Urinary Tract Infection III: Diagnostic Studies and Interprofessional Care

A healthcare provider can diagnose a urinary tract infection (UTI) through several methods:Medical History and Symptoms: The provider will take a detailed medical history and ask about symptoms such as frequent urination, burning sensation during urination, and lower abdominal pain.Urinalysis: A clean-catch urine sample is collected in a sterile container and tested for the presence of bacteria, white blood cells (leukocytes), nitrites, blood, and protein. The presence of leukocytes and...

Urine Studies II: Urine Culture and Sensitivity Test

Urine Studies II: Urine Culture and Sensitivity Test

A urine culture and sensitivity test is a diagnostic procedure used to identify urinary tract bacterial infections and determine the most effective antibiotics for treatment. This test is generally preferred when a patient shows manifestations of a urinary tract infection, such as frequent or painful urination, cloudy or foul-smelling urine, or lower abdominal pain.Purpose of the TestThe primary goals of a urine culture and sensitivity test are to:Determine the specific bacteria causing the...

Urinary Tract Calculi II: Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestations

Urinary Tract Calculi II: Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestations

Renal calculi, commonly termed kidney stones, are crystalline solid masses that form in the kidneys but can occur at any point within the urinary system, encompassing the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra.The pathophysiology of renal stones involves several key factors: supersaturation of the urine with stone-forming constituents, changes in urine pH, a decrease in urine volume, and the presence of substances that promote or inhibit stone formation.Supersaturation of Urine: This is the...

Urine Studies I: Urinalysis

Urine Studies I: Urinalysis

Urinalysis is a widely used diagnostic test that analyzes urine's physical, chemical, and microscopic characteristics. Healthcare providers use it to detect and monitor various health conditions, including renal disease, urinary tract infections (UTIs), diabetes, and metabolic or systemic disorders.Components of UrinalysisUrinalysis consists of three primary components: physical, chemical, and microscopic examination. Each provides unique insights into the urine sample and, by extension, the...

Urinary Tract Calculi III: Medical Management

Urinary Tract Calculi III: Medical Management

The diagnosis of renal calculi involves several imaging techniques, including non-contrast CT scans and ultrasound. These methods help visualize kidney stones, assess their size and location, and detect possible obstructions. Additionally, Measuring urine pH is useful for diagnosing specific stone types, such as struvite (alkaline pH) and uric acid stones (acidic pH). Cystine stones are primarily linked to cystinuria, a genetic condition. A urinalysis helps detect blood in the urine (hematuria)...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 24, 2026

An In Vitro Bladder Model of Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infection

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Published on: June 24, 2025

Alkaptonuria: A Case Report With Diagnostic Challenge.

Vasantha L Gali¹, Amy M Kerkvliet¹, Jacob M Kusmak²

¹Department of Pathology, University of South Dakota Sanford School of Medicine.

South Dakota Medicine : the Journal of the South Dakota State Medical Association

|August 17, 2017

Summary

Alkaptonuria, a rare metabolic disorder, involves homogentisic acid (HGA) buildup. This case highlights key clinical and microscopic signs for early alkaptonuria diagnosis.

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Assaying for Inorganic Polyphosphate in Bacteria

Assaying for Inorganic Polyphosphate in Bacteria

Published on: January 21, 2019

Area of Science:

Biochemistry
Genetics
Dermatology

Background:

Alkaptonuria (AKU) is an autosomal recessive metabolic disorder.
It results from homogentisic acid (HGA) oxidase deficiency, leading to HGA accumulation in connective tissues.

Observation:

A 64-year-old woman presented with blue-gray ear and scleral pigmentation.
A skin biopsy revealed a benign nevus with yellow-brown fibers, later identified as HGA deposits.

Findings:

Elevated urinary HGA confirmed the diagnosis of alkaptonuria.
Patient history included black urine, arthritis, and Achilles tendon rupture, consistent with long-term HGA deposition.

Implications:

Prompt recognition of clinical and microscopic findings is crucial for diagnosing AKU.
While no cure exists, dietary changes and supplements may slow disease progression.
This case underscores the diagnostic challenge and importance of integrating clinical and pathological data.