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Updated: Feb 24, 2026
A Three-Dimensional Spheroid Model to Investigate the Tumor-Stromal Interaction in Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Published on: September 30, 2021
Tumor Volume Doubling Time as a Dynamic Prognostic Marker for Patients with Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Jong Kwan Kim1, Hyung-Don Kim1, Mi-Jung Jun1
1Department of Gastroenterology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88, Olympic-ro 43-gil, Seoul, 05505, South Korea.
Background And Aims:
To evaluate the clinical value of tumor growth rate in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients, we investigated the growth rate of HCC by calculating the tumor volume doubling time (TVDT) and its impact on survival and recurrence.
Methods:
A retrospective cohort study of 269 HCC patients who underwent two or more pretreatment imaging studies of computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging was performed. Tumor growth rate and TVDT were calculated by comparing tumor volumes between imaging studies. Clinical parameters independently related to a TVDT of <2 months were evaluated. After dividing patients into slow-growing (159 patients with TVDT >2 months) and rapid-growing (110 patients with TVDT <2 months) groups, we compared the groups in terms of their survival and recurrence outcomes. The response to transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) was evaluated according to TVDT.
Results:
The median tumor growth rate and TVDT were 37.5%/month and 2.37 months, respectively. By logistic regression analyses, a high Child-Pugh score, small initial tumor diameter, gross vascular invasion, and tumor multiplicity were found to be independently associated with a TVDT of <2 months (P < 0.05). Patients in the rapid-growing group had lower survival rates and higher recurrence rates (P < 0.05). The response to TACE was worse in the rapid-growing group (P < 0.05).
Conclusions:
A fast HCC growth rate is associated with poor liver function and aggressive tumor biology. HCC patients with shorter TVDTs exhibit poorer survival and recurrence outcomes as well as a poor response to TACE.
