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Fluid Pressure

Fluid Pressure

In mechanical engineering, fluid pressure plays a critical role in designing systems that utilize liquid flow, such as hydraulic systems, pumps, and valves. When designing these systems, engineers must ensure they can withstand the forces created by fluid pressure to avoid damage or failure.
According to Pascal's law, a fluid at rest will generate equal pressure in all directions. This pressure is measured as a force per unit area, and its magnitude depends on the fluid's specific...

Hydrostatic Pressure Force on a Curved Surface

Hydrostatic Pressure Force on a Curved Surface

Hydrostatic pressure on curved surfaces is a fundamental concept in fluid mechanics with broad applications in the civil engineering field. When fluid is in contact with a curved surface, as in a reservoir, dam, or storage tank, it exerts pressure that varies in magnitude and direction along the curved surface. To assess the total hydrostatic force exerted by the fluid on a curved structure, engineers typically isolate the fluid volume adjacent to the surface and analyze the forces acting on...

Concept of Pressure at a Point

Concept of Pressure at a Point

The concept of pressure at a point in a fluid establishes that pressure within a fluid is uniform in all directions at a specific location. This uniformity occurs because fluid molecules exert force evenly across any point due to their random motion and continuous collisions within the fluid. Pressure at a point is determined by the surrounding fluid molecules and is influenced by factors like depth and density, rather than by shape or orientation.
In a fluid at rest, pressure acts equally in...

Excess Pressure Inside a Drop and a Bubble

Excess Pressure Inside a Drop and a Bubble

The shape of a small drop of liquid can be considered spherical, neglecting the effect of gravity. This drop can further be considered as two equal hemispherical drops put together due to surface tension. The forces acting on the spherical drop are due to the pressure of the liquid inside the drop, the pressure due to air outside the drop, and the force due to the surface tension acting on the two hemispherical drops.

Pressure Variation in a Fluid at Rest

Pressure Variation in a Fluid at Rest

In a fluid at rest, the pressure at any point beneath the fluid surface depends solely on the depth, not on the container's shape or size. This principle, known as hydrostatic pressure, arises because, in stationary fluids, there is no acceleration, meaning the forces within the fluid balance out. Only vertical forces, caused by the weight of the fluid above, contribute to pressure changes with depth.
When measuring pressure at two different levels within the fluid, the difference in...

Aquaporins

Aquaporins

Aquaporins or AQPs are a family of integral membrane proteins whose primary function is to transport water, while some called aquaglyceroporins also transport glycerol. In addition, aquaporins have also been suspected to be involved in transporting volatile substances, such as carbon dioxide and ammonia, across membranes. Such AQPs that act as gas channels are often highly expressed in cells involved in the gaseous exchange, such as red blood cells, epithelial cells, and pulmonary capillaries.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 24, 2026

High-Sensitivity Nuclear Magnetic Resonance at Giga-Pascal Pressures: A New Tool for Probing Electronic and Chemical Properties of Condensed Matter under Extreme Conditions

High-Sensitivity Nuclear Magnetic Resonance at Giga-Pascal Pressures: A New Tool for Probing Electronic and Chemical Properties of Condensed Matter under Extreme Conditions

Published on: October 10, 2014

The Hydrophobic Gap at High Hydrostatic Pressures.

Florian J Wirkert¹, Christoph Hölzl², Michael Paulus¹

¹Fakultät Physik/DELTA, TU Dortmund, 44221, Dortmund, Germany.

Angewandte Chemie (International Ed. in English)

|August 18, 2017

Summary

The hydrophobic gap, a region at the water-solid interface, persists under high pressure. Increased pressure compresses this gap more than bulk water, reducing electron depletion.

Keywords:

X-ray reflectivity hydrophobic gap hydrostatic pressure interfaces molecular dynamics simulations

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High-Sensitivity Nuclear Magnetic Resonance at Giga-Pascal Pressures: A New Tool for Probing Electronic and Chemical Properties of Condensed Matter under Extreme Conditions

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Area of Science:

Surface science
Physical chemistry
Materials science

Background:

The hydrophobic gap is a molecularly thin region with decreased electron density at the interface between water and hydrophobic surfaces.
Understanding its behavior under varying conditions is crucial for interfacial science.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the effect of hydrostatic pressure on the hydrophobic gap.
To gain new insights into the structural and electronic properties of the water-hydrophobic interface under pressure.

Main Methods:

X-ray reflectivity experiments were conducted at different hydrostatic pressures.
Molecular dynamics simulations were used to complement experimental findings.

Main Results:

The hydrophobic gap was observed to persist up to 5 kbar.
Electron depletion in the interfacial region significantly decreased with increasing pressure, indicating stronger compression of the interface compared to bulk water.
The most significant decrease in electron depletion occurred up to 2 kbar, with a less pronounced response at higher pressures.

Conclusions:

The hydrophobic gap is a robust feature of the water-hydrophobic interface, stable under significant hydrostatic pressure.
Hydrostatic pressure induces compression of the interfacial region, altering its electronic properties.