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Related Concept Videos

Overview of the Axial Skeleton01:09

Overview of the Axial Skeleton

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The skeleton is subdivided into two major divisions—the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton. The axial skeleton forms the vertical, central axis of the body. It includes all of the bones of the head, neck, chest, and back. It protects the brain, spinal cord, heart, and lungs. It also serves as the attachment site for muscles that move the head, neck, and back and for muscles that act across the shoulder and hip joints to move their corresponding limbs.
The axial skeleton of the...
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A typical vertebra, with the exception of the sacrum and coccyx, consists of a body, a vertebral arch, and seven different projections termed processes. The anterior portion of the vertebrae, the body, supports about half the body’s weight. The vertebral bodies progressively increase in size and thickness from the cervical region to the lumbar region of the vertebral column. The intervertebral discs present between the bodies of adjacent vertebrae firmly unites them, forming a continuous...
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Functional Classification of Joints
The functional classification of joints is determined by the amount of mobility between the adjacent bones. Joints are functionally classified as a synarthrosis or immobile joint, an amphiarthrosis or slightly moveable joint, or as a diarthrosis, a freely moveable joint. Fibrous and cartilaginous joints can be functionally classified as either synarthroses  or amphiarthroses, whereas all synovial joints are classified as diarthroses.
Synarthrosis
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Spinal Nerves: Anatomy01:23

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Spinal nerves are pivotal conduits in the nervous system, bridging the central nervous system (CNS) with the peripheral nervous system (PNS). These nerves enable a complex communication network between the brain, spinal cord, and the rest of the body, facilitating sensory input, motor output, and autonomic functions.
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Vertebral Column: Regions and Curvature01:16

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The vertebral column or spine is a flexible column that supports the head, neck, and body and  allows for their movements. It also protects the spinal cord.
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Classification of Bones01:18

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The bones of the human skeletal system are of varied shapes, sizes, and functions. They can be classified based on their shape and function into four major classes: long bones, short bones, flat bones, and irregular bones. Some classifications include a fifth type, the sesamoid bones, as a separate class, whereas others categorize them under short bones.
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Bone Morphogenetic Proteins in Anterior Cervical Fusion: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 24, 2026

Minimally Invasive Treatment for Thoracolumbar Burst Fracture Using Sagittal Alignment Screws and A Trauma Reduction Device
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AOSpine Classification Systems (Subaxial, Thoracolumbar).

Klaus J Schnake1, Gregory D Schroeder, Alexander R Vaccaro

  • 1*Center for Spine and Scoliosis Surgery, Schön Klinik Nürnberg Fürth, Fürth, Germany; †Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Rothman Institute, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA; and ‡Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands.

Journal of Orthopaedic Trauma
|August 18, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The new AOSpine classification system for thoracolumbar and subaxial cervical spine injuries offers a reliable framework for surgeons. It simplifies fracture grading, aiding communication and decision-making in spinal trauma management.

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Area of Science:

  • Orthopedics
  • Neurosurgery
  • Spine Surgery

Background:

  • Existing spine injury classification systems lack universal adoption.
  • Need for a comprehensive yet simple system for subaxial and thoracolumbar injuries.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present the proposed AOSpine classification systems for subaxial and thoracolumbar spinal trauma.
  • To evaluate the reliability and utility of these new systems.

Main Methods:

  • Iterative consensus process among international spine trauma surgeons.
  • Analysis of real-world DICOM images for reproducible patterns.
  • Classification based on 3 injury morphology types (compression, tension band, translational) with subgroups and neurologic modifiers.

Main Results:

  • Substantial intraobserver and interobserver reliability (κ = 0.64-0.85) for overall fracture type grading.
  • Reliability for specific subtypes varied due to factors like low frequency.
  • Inclusion of patient-specific modifiers and neurologic status enhances therapeutic decision-making.

Conclusions:

  • The AOSpine thoracolumbar and subaxial cervical spine injury classification systems demonstrate substantial reliability.
  • These systems serve as valuable tools for both clinical practice and research in spine trauma.
  • The proposed system aims to improve communication and standardization in managing spinal injuries.