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Adversity-driven changes in hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis functioning during adolescence. The trails study.

Odilia M Laceulle1, Esther Nederhof2, Marcel A G van Aken3

  • 1Department of Medical & Clinical Psychology, Tilburg University, The Netherlands; Department of Developmental Psychology, Utrecht University, The Netherlands.

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Summary

Adversity, like social defeat, impacts adolescent stress responses. This study shows changes in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, affecting cortisol levels and stress reactions over time.

Keywords:
AdolescenceHPA-axisLongitudinalLossSocial defeatStressors

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroendocrinology
  • Adolescent Psychology
  • Stress Research

Background:

  • The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is implicated in the link between adversity and mental health.
  • Longitudinal research on adversity's effects on HPA-axis functioning during adolescence is limited.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how adversity influences HPA-axis functioning longitudinally in adolescents.
  • To examine changes in basal cortisol, cortisol awakening response, and stress task responses from age 16 to 19.

Main Methods:

  • A cohort of 141 adolescents was assessed at ages 16 and 19.
  • HPA-axis functioning was measured via basal cortisol, cortisol awakening response, and a stress task.
  • Adversity, including social defeat and loss/illness, was assessed using the Life Stress Interview at age 19.

Main Results:

  • Adolescents experiencing social defeat showed increased basal cortisol levels from age 16 to 19.
  • Social defeat was associated with a decreased reaction to a stress task.
  • These changes differed compared to adolescents who experienced loss/illness or no significant stress.

Conclusions:

  • Adversity, particularly social defeat, can alter HPA-axis functioning during adolescence.
  • The neuroendocrine stress response is sensitive to the type of adversity experienced.
  • This study provides unique longitudinal evidence on adversity's impact on the HPA axis.