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Related Concept Videos

Chemical Signaling in the Endocrine System01:08

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A signaling cascade is a series of events that facilitates the transmission of information within or between cells, culminating in a targeted response in the recipient cell. As chemical messengers, hormones are pivotal in initiating and modulating these intricate signaling cascades based on their solubility.
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Cellular needs and conditions vary from cell to cell and change within individual cells over time. For example, the required enzymes and energetic demands of stomach cells are different from those of fat storage cells, skin cells, blood cells, and nerve cells. Furthermore, a digestive cell works much harder to process and break down nutrients during the time that closely follows a meal compared with many hours after a meal. As these cellular demands and conditions vary, so do the amounts and...
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Bacterial signaling can occur within bacteria (intracellular) or between bacteria (intercellular). At times, a group of bacteria behaves like a community. To achieve this, they engage in quorum sensing, the perception of higher cell density that causes changes in gene expression. Quorum sensing involves both extracellular and intracellular signaling. The signaling cascade starts with a molecule called an autoinducer (AI). Individual bacteria produce AIs that move out of the bacterial cell...
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Insulin action is mediated through a receptor tyrosine kinase, akin to the IGF-1 receptor. The number of receptors per cell varies significantly, from 40 on erythrocytes to 300,000 on adipocytes and hepatocytes. The insulin receptor consists of linked α/β subunit dimers, forming a heterotetramer glycoprotein with two extracellular α subunits and two β subunits spanning the membrane. The α subunits inhibit the inherent tyrosine kinase activity of the β subunits, but...
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In multicellular organisms, many molecules transmit signals between cells to pass information. These signals vary in complexity and include small peptides, nucleotides, steroids, fatty acid derivatives, and dissolved gases such as nitric oxide. Some signaling molecules diffuse through the plasma membrane to act locally between neighboring cells or travel long distances. Others remain attached to the cell surface, transmitting information to other cells only when they make contact. In some...
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Autocrine signaling is one of the many signaling mechanisms that function inside multicellular organisms to carry out intercellular communication. In this type of signaling mechanism, the same cell that secretes an extracellular signaling molecule also expresses the receptors to bind and respond to that signaling molecule.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 24, 2026

Measuring the Rate of Lipolysis in Ex Vivo Murine Adipose Tissue and Primary Preadipocytes Differentiated In Vitro
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β-Hydroxybutyrate: A Signaling Metabolite.

John C Newman1,2,3, Eric Verdin1,2,3

  • 1Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, California 94945; email: newman@ucsf.edu , everdin@buckinstitute.org.

Annual Review of Nutrition
|August 23, 2017
PubMed
Summary

The ketone body beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) provides energy during low glucose availability and also acts as a cellular signal. BHB

Keywords:
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Area of Science:

  • Metabolic regulation
  • Cellular signaling
  • Epigenetics

Background:

  • Mammalian bodies possess resilience mechanisms against food deprivation and dietary stress.
  • Ketone bodies, like beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), are crucial energy carriers during low glucose conditions.
  • BHB is synthesized in the liver from fatty acids.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the dual role of beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) as both an energy metabolite and a cellular signaling molecule.
  • To investigate how BHB's signaling functions connect environmental cues to epigenetic regulation and cellular function.

Main Methods:

  • The study focuses on the known biochemical and physiological roles of BHB.
  • It reviews existing literature on BHB's synthesis and transport.
  • The abstract implies a review or theoretical discussion of BHB's signaling pathways.

Main Results:

  • BHB serves as a vital energy source for peripheral tissues when glucose is scarce.
  • Emerging evidence highlights BHB's significant cellular signaling capabilities.
  • These signaling functions link environmental factors to gene regulation and cellular activities.

Conclusions:

  • BHB is a key molecule in metabolic adaptation and cellular communication.
  • Its signaling roles have implications for understanding and potentially treating human aging and diseases.
  • Further research into BHB's signaling pathways is warranted.