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Transcription

Transcription

Overview
Transcription is the process of synthesizing RNA from a DNA sequence by RNA polymerase. It is the first step in producing a protein from a gene sequence. Additionally, many other proteins and regulatory sequences are involved in the proper synthesis of messenger RNA (mRNA). Regulation of transcription is responsible for the differentiation of all the different types of cells and often for the proper cellular response to environmental signals.
Transcription Can Produce Different Kinds...

Responses to Heat and Cold Stress

Responses to Heat and Cold Stress

Every organism has an optimum temperature range within which healthy growth and physiological functioning can occur. At the ends of this range, there will be a minimum and maximum temperature that interrupt biological processes.

Gene Regulation During Sporulation

Gene Regulation During Sporulation

Sporulation is a complex developmental process that allows certain Gram-positive bacteria, such as Bacillus subtilis and Clostridium species, to survive extreme environmental conditions. This process is tightly regulated by a series of signaling cascades and transcriptional controls, ensuring the formation of a highly resistant endospore.Sporulation is triggered by unfavorable conditions, such as nutrient depletion, and is governed by a phosphorelay system. One of the sensor kinases, such as...

Responses to Salt Stress

Responses to Salt Stress

Salt stress—which can be triggered by high salt concentrations in a plant’s environment—can significantly affect plant growth and crop production by influencing photosynthesis and the absorption of water and nutrients.

Seed Structure and Early Development of the Sporophyte

Seed Structure and Early Development of the Sporophyte

Seed structures are composed of a protective seed coat surrounding a plant embryo, and a food store for the developing embryo. The embryo contains the precursor tissues for leaves, stem, and roots. The endosperm and cotyledons—seed leaves—act as the food reserves for the growing embryo.

Other Stress Responses in Bacteria

Other Stress Responses in Bacteria

Bacteria have global regulatory systems that control several types of stress mechanisms. These include Pho regulon and the heat shock response, which are essential systems for environmental adaptation, such as nutrient limitation and proteotoxic stress. The Pho regulon and the heat shock response exemplify bacterial resilience, enabling rapid adaptation to fluctuating environmental conditions.Pho RegulonBacteria require phosphorus for essential cellular processes, including nucleic acid...

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Comparative transcriptomics indicate changes in cell wall organization and stress response in seedlings during

Christina M Johnson¹, Aswati Subramanian¹, Sivakumar Pattathil^2,3

¹Miami University, Department of Biology 212 Pearson Hall, Oxford, Ohio 45056 USA.

American Journal of Botany

|August 23, 2017

Summary

Spaceflight alters plant gene expression, particularly affecting water stress, heat shock, and cell wall remodeling. Understanding these changes is crucial for developing plants for future space exploration and bioregenerative life support systems.

Keywords:

AGP FH2 XERO1 XTH cell wall cytoskeleton dehydration glycome profiling heat shock transcriptome

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Area of Science:

Plant molecular biology
Space biology
Genomics

Background:

Plants are essential for bioregenerative life support in space exploration.
Understanding microgravity's effects on plant gene expression is critical for mission success.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the impact of spaceflight on the gene expression and cell wall composition of Arabidopsis thaliana.
To compare findings with other experiments conducted on the same space mission.

Main Methods:

Transcriptome analysis of Arabidopsis thaliana using the Biological Research in Canisters (BRIC) hardware on Space Shuttle mission STS-131.
Bioinformatic analysis including RMA, MAS5, and PLIER.
Glycome profiling for cell wall composition analysis.
Comparison with two other BRIC-16 experiments.

Main Results:

Observed changes in gene expression related to hypoxia, heat shock, DNA repair, and cell wall structure in spaceflight samples.
Glycome profiling confirmed differences in cell wall components between spaceflight and ground control plants.
Variability in gene expression results was noted across different experiments using identical hardware and similar biological materials.

Conclusions:

A consistent finding across multiple BRIC-16 experiments was the downregulation of water stress response genes during spaceflight.
Differential regulation of genes involved in cell wall remodeling and stress responses was observed in spaceflight-grown plants compared to ground controls across all studies.