Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Pedigree Analysis

Pedigree Analysis

Probability Laws

Probability Laws

Hardy-Weinberg Principle

Hardy-Weinberg Principle

Diploid organisms have two alleles of each gene, one from each parent, in their somatic cells. Therefore, each individual contributes two alleles to the gene pool of the population. The gene pool of a population is the sum of every allele of all genes within that population and has some degree of variation. Genetic variation is typically expressed as a relative frequency, which is the percentage of the total population that has a given allele, genotype or phenotype.

Evolutionary Relationships through Genome Comparisons

Evolutionary Relationships through Genome Comparisons

Genome comparison is one of the excellent ways to interpret the evolutionary relationships between organisms. The basic principle of genome comparison is that if two species share a common feature, it is likely encoded by the DNA sequence conserved between both species. The advent of genome sequencing technologies in the late 20th century enabled scientists to understand the concept of conservation of domains between species and helped them to deduce evolutionary relationships across diverse...

Law of Segregation

Law of Segregation

When crossing pea plants, Mendel noticed that one of the parental traits would sometimes disappear in the first generation of offspring, called the F1 generation, and could reappear in the next generation (F2). He concluded that one of the traits must be dominant over the other, thereby causing masking of one trait in the F1 generation. When he crossed the F1 plants, he found that 75% of the offspring in the F2 generation had the dominant phenotype, while 25% had the recessive phenotype.

Incomplete Dominance

Incomplete Dominance

Gregor Mendel's work (1822 - 1884) was primarily focused on pea plants. Through his initial experiments, he determined that every gene in a diploid cell has two variants called alleles inherited from each parent. He suggested that amongst these two alleles, one allele is dominant in character and the other recessive. The combination of alleles determines the phenotype of a gene in an organism.

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Centromeric satellite expansion drives genome evolution in the snowy owl.

Genome biology·2026

Same author

Genome Scanning Reveals the Genetic Basis of a Color Pattern Morphotype in an Island Population of the European Adder (Vipera berus).

Genome biology and evolution·2026

Same author

The genomic basis of adaptive leaf variation in the Galápagos giant daisies.

Nature communications·2026

Same author

WASTER: Practical de novo Phylogenomics from Low-coverage Short Reads.

Molecular biology and evolution·2026

Same author

Diffeomorphic Independent Contrasts for Ancestral Reconstruction of Shapes.

Systematic biology·2026

Same author

Erratum to: Accuracy of thick and thin intraocular lens power formulas using paraxial vergence calculation.

Journal of cataract and refractive surgery·2026

Same journal

Genetic survey of biomarkers at early and mid-pregnancy identifies pregnancy-specialized immune regulation.

PLoS genetics·2026

Same journal

Argonaute proteins orchestrate Meiotic Sex Chromosome Inactivation and timing of the spermatogenic transcriptional program.

PLoS genetics·2026

Same journal

Genome wide association study meta-analysis of neuropathologic lesions of Alzheimer's disease and related dementias in a multi-site autopsy cohort.

PLoS genetics·2026

Same journal

Microtubule stiffening by the doublecortin-domain protein ZYG-8 contributes to mitotic spindle orientation during zygote division in Caenorhabditis elegans.

PLoS genetics·2026

Same journal

Multiple instance fine-mapping: Predicting causal regulatory variants with a deep sequence model.

PLoS genetics·2026

Same journal

Nuclear ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme TrUbc4 and F-box protein TrFwd1-mediated modification of Cre1 in Trichoderma reesei establishes a regulatory mechanism for carbon catabolite repression.

PLoS genetics·2026

See all related articles

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 24, 2026

A Practical Guide to Phylogenetics for Nonexperts

A Practical Guide to Phylogenetics for Nonexperts

Published on: February 5, 2014

Composite likelihood method for inferring local pedigrees.

Amy Ko¹, Rasmus Nielsen^1,2,3

¹Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America.

|August 23, 2017

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces a new computational method for inferring distant genetic relationships using genome-wide SNP data. The advanced technique accurately estimates complex family structures in large populations, improving upon existing pedigree inference tools.

More Related Videos

A Concoction Pipeline for Generating Molecular Operational Taxonomic Units (MOTUs) Among Riparian and Aquatic Beetles

A Concoction Pipeline for Generating Molecular Operational Taxonomic Units (MOTUs) Among Riparian and Aquatic Beetles

Published on: July 11, 2025

Using Phylogenetic Analysis to Investigate Eukaryotic Gene Origin

Using Phylogenetic Analysis to Investigate Eukaryotic Gene Origin

Published on: August 14, 2018

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Feb 24, 2026

A Practical Guide to Phylogenetics for Nonexperts

A Practical Guide to Phylogenetics for Nonexperts

Published on: February 5, 2014

A Concoction Pipeline for Generating Molecular Operational Taxonomic Units (MOTUs) Among Riparian and Aquatic Beetles

A Concoction Pipeline for Generating Molecular Operational Taxonomic Units (MOTUs) Among Riparian and Aquatic Beetles

Published on: July 11, 2025

Using Phylogenetic Analysis to Investigate Eukaryotic Gene Origin

Using Phylogenetic Analysis to Investigate Eukaryotic Gene Origin

Published on: August 14, 2018

Area of Science:

Genetics
Computational Biology
Population Genetics

Background:

Pedigrees are crucial for genetic studies but are often unknown.
Current pedigree inference methods struggle with large datasets and distant relationships.
Inferring genealogical relationships is essential for understanding genetic inheritance patterns.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop a novel computational method for estimating complex pedigrees in large populations.
To improve the accuracy of inferring distant genetic relatives from genome-wide SNP data.
To overcome limitations of existing pedigree inference techniques.

Main Methods:

A simulated annealing algorithm was employed for pedigree estimation.
Genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) data were utilized.
A composite likelihood function approximated the full likelihood for computational efficiency.

Main Results:

The method successfully infers distant relatives more accurately than existing approaches.
It supports complex pedigree structures, including polygamous and multi-generational families.
The approach demonstrates utility in real-world population samples, such as the Greenlandic Inuit.

Conclusions:

The developed simulated annealing method offers a powerful tool for large-scale pedigree inference.
This advancement enables more accurate identification of distant genetic relationships.
The method has significant implications for population genetics and genetic epidemiology research.