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Related Concept Videos

Generalization, Discrimination, and Extinction01:24

Generalization, Discrimination, and Extinction

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Generalization, discrimination, and extinction are key concepts in operant conditioning that influence how behaviors are learned and maintained.
Generalization occurs when a behavior reinforced in one context is performed in similar situations. For instance, a student who studies diligently for calculus and receives excellent grades might apply the same study habits to psychology and history, expecting similar results. Generalization shows how learning in one setting can influence behavior in...
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Conservation of declining population focuses on ways of detecting, diagnosing, and halting a population decline. The approach uses methods to prevent populations from going extinct.
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There have been five major extinction events throughout geological history, resulting in the elimination of biodiversity, followed by a rebound of species that adapted to the new conditions. In the current geological epoch, the Holocene, there is a sixth extinction event in progress. This mass extinction has been attributed to human activities and is thus provisionally called the Anthropocene. In 2019 the human population reached 7.7 billion people and is projected to comprise 10 billion by...
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Criticisms of the Evolutionary Perspective01:23

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In a study where individuals posing as strangers offered compliments and proposed casual sex to students, the responses differed significantly based on gender. Not a single woman accepted the proposal, while 70% of the men agreed. This outcome provides a useful scenario to explore through the lens of evolutionary psychology and social learning theory, highlighting the diverse perspectives on human sexual behaviors.
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Small population sizes put a species at extreme risk of extinction due to a lack of variation, and a consequent decrease in adaptability. This weakens the chances of survival under pressures such as climate change, competition from other species, or new diseases. Large populations are more likely to survive pressures such as these, as such populations are more likely to harbor individuals that have genetic variants that are adaptive under new stresses. Small populations are much less...
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Habitat fragmentation describes the division of a more extensive, continuous habitat into smaller, discontinuous areas. Human activities such as land conversion, as well as slower geological processes leading to changes in the physical environment, are the two leading causes of habitat fragmentation. The fragmentation process typically follows the same steps: perforation, dissection, fragmentation, shrinkage, and attrition.
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Updated: Feb 24, 2026

Extinction Training During the Reconsolidation Window Prevents Recovery of Fear
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Extinction Training During the Reconsolidation Window Prevents Recovery of Fear

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Are extinction opinions extinct?

Tamsin E Lee1, Clive Bowman1, David L Roberts2

  • 1Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.

Peerj
|August 23, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Expert opinion in extinction models may be unnecessary. New methods suggest sighting quality scores are superfluous, simplifying species extinction probability assessments and reducing expert reliance.

Keywords:
Aplonis pelzelniData qualityExtinction modelIUCN Red ListPanthera leoPossibly extinctPterodroma caribbaeaSighting uncertaintyTachybaptus rufolavatus

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Area of Science:

  • Ecology
  • Conservation Biology
  • Statistical Modeling

Background:

  • Extinction models often rely on expert opinion for sighting reliability and prior beliefs.
  • Subjectivity in expert assessments can introduce bias and complexity into extinction probability calculations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate whether expert-judged sighting quality is essential for accurate extinction probability modeling.
  • To present and evaluate two novel extinction modeling approaches: the 'quality breakpoint method' and the 'quality as variance method'.

Main Methods:

  • Developed and applied the 'quality breakpoint method' and 'quality as variance method' to assess extinction probabilities.
  • Utilized sighting data from the Barbary lion, Alaotra grebe, Jamaican petrel, and Pohnpei starling.
  • Compared model outcomes with and without expert-assigned sighting quality scores.

Main Results:

  • The 'quality breakpoint method' showed unexpected increases in sighting quality post-1930 for the Barbary lion, indicating potential unreliability.
  • The 'quality as variance method' produced consistent results across different prior beliefs, with larger standard deviations.
  • Replacing expert quality scores with random scores yielded similar results, suggesting expert input is superfluous.

Conclusions:

  • The process of obtaining pooled expert estimates for sighting quality in extinction modeling is deemed unnecessary and costly.
  • Recommends classifying sightings as certain or uncertain using a bias-independent framework, minimizing fine-scale expert input.
  • Expert subjectivity in assessing sighting quality may not significantly improve extinction probability predictions.